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《环境工程学报》2017,(10)
对中国沿海某市2个自来水厂的常规和深度水处理工艺过程中挥发性溴代消毒副产物的变化规律进行了研究。在选取的7种挥发性溴代消毒副产物中,只有一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷、二溴甲烷和三溴甲烷这4种被检出,除二溴甲烷只在深度水处理工艺过程中被检出外,其余3种化合物在2种不同水处理工艺过程中均有检出。一溴二氯甲烷和二溴一氯甲烷在常规和深度水处理工艺过程中的部分工艺段出水中的检出浓度超过了GB 5749-2006中规定的限值(饮用水中一溴二氯甲烷和二溴一氯甲烷的的浓度限值分别为60μg·L~(-1)和100μg·L~(-1)),应被给予足够的重视。挥发性溴代消毒副产物在常规水处理工艺过程中的检出浓度随水处理工艺流程而逐渐升高,而在深度水处理工艺过程中检出的挥发性溴代消毒副产物(除二溴甲烷外)浓度变化则表现为随水处理工艺流程先轻微降低后大幅升高的趋势。与常规水处理工艺相比,挥发性溴代消毒副产物在深度水处理工艺过程中的检出浓度明显低于其在常规水处理工艺过程中对应工艺段出水中的检出浓度,但对于在常规和深度水处理工艺过程中均被检出的3种挥发性溴代消毒副产物来说,它们的最大值均出现在加氯后出厂水中。 相似文献
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水中有机成分及其对饮用水质的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
微量有机污染物和氯化消毒副产物对饮用水构成直接威胁,是饮用水中要重点控制的;天然大分子有机物对水质构成间接影响,导致胶体稳定性提高、增加药耗;藻类和代谢产物影响常规处理工艺效果,对水质产生不良影响。 相似文献
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饮用水中含氮消毒副产物卤代腈(氰)的生成特性与控制研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
卤代腈(氰)是水处理过程中产生的一类含氮的氯化消毒副产物。鉴于这种物质有极强的致畸和致突变性,其细胞毒性也远大于三卤甲烷和卤乙酸等常规消毒副产物,因此成为近年来饮用水中颇受关注的含氮消毒副产物种类之一。卤代腈(氰)在水厂出厂水中被大量检出,其质量浓度基本维持在μg/L,而采用氯胺消毒的出厂水中其浓度明显高于自由氯消毒方式。重点对卤代腈(氰)的物质种类、理化特性、遗传毒性、生产机制、检测方法及控制方法进行综述。鉴于多数卤代腈(氰)类消毒副产物均具有含量低、亲水性强等特点,若生成将难以在饮用水处理工艺中有效去除,因此如何有效控制其生成是卤代腈(氰)研究的主要发展方向。 相似文献
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饮用水中的病毒会引发人体健康风险,故消毒是饮用水生物安全的重要屏障。为了比较不同消毒工艺对病毒的灭活效果,在总结水介质中常见病毒的种类及特性的基础上,围绕当前饮用水处理中广泛应用的消毒工艺(氯、氯胺、臭氧、二氧化氯、紫外线),梳理了各种消毒工艺的原理、影响因素、消毒效果及实际应用中的问题。鉴于消毒工艺进水水质对病毒灭活效果影响较大,且饮用水常规、深度处理工艺均可直接、间接强化对病毒的去除效果,故提出"常规处理+深度处理+消毒"协同高效运行的饮用水多级屏障处理工艺,以有效控制病毒等致病微生物引发的饮用水水质风险。 相似文献
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由于兰州段夏季黄河水的浊度较高,直接影响了自来水厂的正常运行,而目前水厂所用工艺无法满足高浊度水的处理要求,因此,采用自主研究开发的具有特殊结构的水旋澄清池对黄河高浊度水进行了强化处理的试验研究.研究结果表明:在多点投药混合方式下,强化水旋澄清池可提高浊度的处理效果;若在投加无机絮凝剂PAC后,再投加有机絮凝剂PAM进行复配作用,不仅可降低无机絮凝剂的用量,节约制水成本,而且提高了自来水厂的出水水质;结果也表明该水旋澄清池技术能够推广应用于黄河高浊度水的强化处理工艺中. 相似文献
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城镇杂用再生水的水质安全评价关键指标探讨 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
污水再生利用是解决中国淡水资源短缺的有效途径,再生水的水质安全问题一直以来受到广泛关注.以城镇杂用再生水的水质安全为目标,从再生水中残留的化学污染物和病原微生物出发,通过全面分析污染物在回用过程中危害人体健康和生态环境的可能途径,结合当前国内外城镇杂用水的水质标准,提出了包括综合毒性指标、生物学指标、可吸附有机卤化物指标、挥发性有机物指标等在内的城镇杂用再生水水质安全评价关键指标. 相似文献
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以城市给水厂污泥为原料,制备了2种不同粒径的颗粒状吸附剂,探讨了这2种颗粒吸附剂不同应用方式动态吸附初沉池水中磷的效果,并对吸附的影响因素进行了探究。结果表明,在使用2 mm粒径的吸附剂进行动态吸附时,在颗粒投加量固液比为20 g·L~(-1)的条件下,运行8 h后,出水磷浓度最低,总磷、可溶性总磷、可溶性活性磷酸盐的出水浓度分别可达到1.52、0.27、0.16 mg·L~(-1)。干化大颗粒的固定床吸附实验结果表明,空床停留时间应控制在30 min左右,有效滤层高度为11.5 cm,滤柱连续运行前80 h,对初沉池水有良好的处理效果,为该吸附剂投入使用提供了初步依据。对给水厂污泥颗粒吸附剂进行了技术经济分析,得出颗粒吸附剂理论上处理初沉池水所需药剂费用为0.021 2元·t~(-1),具有较高的经济效益。以上结果可为给水厂的污泥在实际生产中的应用提供参考。 相似文献
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《国际环境与污染杂志》2011,26(4):379-397
Lebanon in general and its capital, Beirut, suffer from water shortage due to the increasing water demand and the lack of proper management despite its abundant water resources. An intermittent water supply strategy was implemented in order to minimise deficiency problems. This, however, can seriously affect water quality due to the potential suction of non-potable water by negative pressures, biofilm detachment, and microbial re-growth especially when static conditions occur. Intermittent supplies also entail storing water in household tanks to satisfy demand during no-flow periods, and these tanks often encourage bacterial re-growth. Dumping of disinfectants in order to circumvent bacterial presence and the subsequent formation of undesirable byproducts is another concern. A study was conducted in Beirut over an eight-month period, during which samples were collected from household tanks and drinking water taps of Beirut's network. This paper presents the findings of the study and highlights key aspects in intermittent water supply systems. 相似文献
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河流水环境中的非突发性水质风险模型研究 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
把影响水质模型的随机因素看成一个具有零均值的维纳过程,建立一个研究非突发性水质风险的随机微分动态模型,并对该维纳过程强度进行了估值。研究表明,水环境中的随机因素是引起非突发性风险的一个重要原因。 相似文献
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大量未经处理的污水排入水体时 ,会导致地面水体严重污染。受污染水体的水质恢复方法有物理法、化学法和生物法 ,它们能控制水体外源性和内源性污染物的排入量、人工强化水体自身的净化能力 ,以降低水体中污染物的浓度、提高溶解氧浓度 ,恢复水生生物的多样性 相似文献
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E E Geldreich 《Journal - Water Pollution Control Federation》1972,44(6):1159-1172
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The use of the octanol/water partition constant (Kow) as a surrogate parameter for lipid/water partitioning of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) was reassessed by comparing the measured Kow of 12 selected polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs) with partition constants in triolein/water (Ktw) and membrane/water (Kmw) systems. Kow and Ktw were measured by the slow-stirring method. Kmw was measured by an adaptation of the slow-stirring method using suspensions of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine liposomes. Partitioning of POPs to octanol, triolein, and liposomes is similar but not equal. The log-log correlation for Kow and Ktw is excellent (r2 = 0.982) and that for Kow and Kmw is somewhat weaker (r2 = 0.856). Ktw values are greater than Kow by a factor of 1.6. Kmw of some PCB congeners exceed both Kow and Ktw by an order of magnitude. The differences are attributed to different PCB activity coefficients in the different lipid phases. The results imply that Kow can be used as a reasonable conservative estimate of lipid/water partitioning. But the observed differences between Kow and Kmw also indicate that using Kow to predict accumulation of POPs, particularly highly hydrophobic ones, in the polar lipids of organisms will underestimate their concentrations at equilibrium. 相似文献
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Decomposition of dihaloacetonitriles in water solutions and fortified drinking water samples 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
An investigation of the decomposition of dihaloacetonitriles (DHANs) in water solutions and fortified drinking water samples was conducted. The concentrations of dichloroacetonitrile (CHCl2CN, DCAN), bromochloroacetonitrile (CHBrClCN, BCAN) and dibromoacetonitrile (CHBr2CN, DBAN) were determined by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method at regular time intervals and different temperatures. The effect of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3), which is used as a preservative in water samples, was also examined. The rates of decomposition were determined for each compound. The results show that the reactions are faster in fortified drinking water samples than in ultrapure water solutions. They are also favored at higher temperature, especially when sodium thiosulfate is present. The highest decomposition rate is shown by DCAN, followed by BCAN and DBAN, while at the presence of sodium thiosulfate the decomposition of DBAN is the fastest. 相似文献