木聚糖酶在纸浆顶漂白中的应用试验

采用自制的木聚糖酶ＬＤＡ３对纸浆进行预漂白处理，可以显著降低纸浆的卡伯值。ＬＤＡ３处理木浆的条件为３０℃，１５ＩＵ／ｇ绝干浆，卡伯值最大差为３．０，处理麦草浆的条件为３０℃，３０ＩＵ／ｇ绝干浆。卡伯值最大落差为７，经换算分别可以降低１６％和１５％的有效氯用量，具有降低漂白成本和减少环境污染的显著效果。     

纸浆漂白废水中毒性有机氯化物的防治

纸浆漂白废水中的有机氯化物对水生生物和人类具有很大的毒害作用,对纸浆漂白废水中有机氯人物的形成机制以及各种预防和治理途径进行了综述。     

木聚糖酶在纸浆预漂白中的应用试验

采用自制的木聚精酶LDA3对纸浆进行预漂白处理，可以显著降低纸浆的卡伯值。LDA3处理木浆的条件为30℃，15IU／g绝干浆，卡伯值最大落差为3．0。处理麦草浆的条件为30℃，30IU／g绝干浆，卡伯值最大落差为7。经换算分别可以降低16％和15％的有效氯用量，具有降低漂白成本和减少环境污染的显著效果。     

蔗渣浆酶促漂白预处理对纤维形态性质和污染物发生的影响

采用Pulpzyme HC木聚糖酶对蔗渣纸浆进行酶促漂白处理。试验结果表明,酶处理的最佳纸浆浓度为5％,处理时间为60min．酶用量为1．0IU／g。酶处理后纸浆的得率下降不多．强度略有升高,但纸浆白度增加。试验结果还表明,酶处理对纸浆纤维不具有破坏性。对酶处理后纸浆的扫描电镜观察说明,随酶处理时间和酶用量的增加,蔗渣中木聚糖的溶出量加大。酶处理使木聚糖降解溶出,使木质素充分暴露出来,有利于后续漂白剂与之反应．同时可减少后续化学漂白剂的使用量,从而减少有毒氯化有机污染物的产生。随处理时间增长和酶用量增加,处理液中CODcr,和BOD5呈上升趋势。酶用量超过1．5IU／g后．BOD5增长较缓慢,表明酶的作用对纤维表面生物可降解成分的溶出较彻底。     

无氯漂白纸浆厂

路易斯安娜——太平洋公司将启用其在加州萨摩亚的无氯纸浆厂.至1995年,该厂将成为北美洲第一家连续生产无氯纸浆的漂白纸工厂.无氯生产将使纸浆工艺中多个阶段均可进行废水循环使用,并可使废水中不想要的成分在再生锅炉中被焚烧,而这一切在有氯化物的情况下是不可能的.工厂的这些技改也使该公司能在BOD和pH值上达标,且能去除出水大部分的气味和消除氯仿和二恶英的排放.该工艺的风险在于:公众是否     

UV-Fenton光催化法深度处理紫胶漂白废水

采用UV-Fenton联合的方法处理紫胶漂白废水,单因素实验研究了H_2O_2用量、FeSO_4用量、反应时间和初始pH值对紫胶漂白废水降解的影响,并通过数学回归模型和响应曲面法优化得到UV-Fenton深度处理紫胶漂白废水的最优条件:初始pH值5.0,H_2O_2用量49 g·L~(-1)、FeSO_4用量2.6 g·L~(-1)、反应时间为4 h。经最优工艺条件深度处理后的紫胶漂白废水COD、BOD_5、悬浮物、色度、总氮和总磷分别降低至48 mg·L~(-1)、32 mg·L~(-1)、27.3 mg·L~(-1)、24 NTU、0.027 mg·L~(-1)、0.021 mg·L~(-1),除BOD5稍高外,其余指标均达到污水综合排放一级标准。在最优条件下,以紫胶漂白废水COD值和COD去除率为指标的降解动力学模型可分别表示为:lny=0.034 98+0.001 85x+6.898×10~(-6)x2和z=95.36-92.78×0.9706t。由动力学方程可看出,废水COD值在反应开始的前2 h内,降低幅度接近90%,且以反应开始时最为剧烈,随着反应的进行,反应剧烈程度迅速减弱。     

基于群决策的层次分析法构建制浆造纸减排技术评价指标体系

采用层次分析法(AHP)构建了漂白硫酸盐木浆造纸工艺减排技术的评价指标体系,利用群决策的方式确定指标层中各子因素对于准则层的层次单排序,以此降低评价过程中专家评价的主观性.专家的权重由其判断矩阵与其他专家的判断矩阵的相似度和差异度确定,并通过加权几何平均法聚合成共识矩阵.评价指标体系由定量评价和定性评价两部分组成,选取...     

膜法处理造纸废水

一、前言 造纸工业是一个耗水大户,排放的废水量很大,对环境的污染也相当严重.因而,造纸废水的处理已普遍受到各国政府和企业部门的高度重视. 纸浆造纸工业因各个工艺产生的废水成分不同,处理方法有所不同(如表1所示)     

一种新的除磷工艺

北卡罗来纳的P·O·汉斯兰开发了一种新的废水生物处理专利技术,该技术可显著地降低废水中磷的水平.该废水处理系统自1992年运行,每天可处理1200万加仑废水.在运行的第一年,该系统在不投任何化学添加剂的情况下,可将废水中磷含量降至0.27毫克/升.要达到该处理水平,该系统的3个独立工序将共同运行.主流工     

2株漂白废水高效降解菌的选育

用含氯漂白废水驯化城市污水处理厂的好氧污泥 ,从中分离出两株高效去除有机氯的菌 ,并对其适应条件进行了研究。结果表明 ,当pH为 7.0、废水浓度为 5 0 %、加入 0 .4g/L葡萄糖、2mL菌液时 ,处理效果较好 ,有机氯的去除率最高可达 74 .8%。     

Lipophilic extractives in process waters during manufacturing of totally chlorine free kraft pulp from eucalypt wood

The chemical composition of lipophilic extractives from process waters throughout a totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching sequence after kraft pulping of eucalypt wood has been studied. These compounds are among the most problematic wood constituents for both TCF and zero liquid effluent (ZLE) processes, since they tend to accumulate in circuits resulting in the formation of the so-called pitch deposits causing serious problems in the pulp and paper industry. Pitch deposits collected at different parts of the pulp mill were also characterized and their composition compared with that of lipophilic compounds in process waters and Eucalyptus globulus wood. The identification of these compounds from process waters, wood and pitch deposits was performed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using short- and medium-length high temperature capillary columns. Sterols, sterol esters, steroid ketones and steroid hydrocarbons were the main compounds identified. These chemical species arise from eucalypt wood extractives that survive the pulping and are released from pulp into the process waters during the bleaching process. Finally, they can deposit in pulp and on different parts of the mill or remain suspended in process waters being discharged in effluents.     

Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in products and effluent from the Swedish pulp and paper industry and chloralkali process

Within the Swedish Dioxin Survey various samples from the pulp and paper industry and the chloralkali process have been analyzed by congener specific analytical methods. In addition to the generally discussed “bleaching pattern” of the tetrachlorinated congeners, these samples also contained higher chlorinated congeners like hexa-CDDs, hepta-CDFs, octa-CDD and octa-CDF. Consequently it is recommended that samples from the pulp industry should be analyzed for all PCDDs and PCDFs (tetra- through octa-). Counted as Nordic Toxic Equivalents (NTEQ), the recycled pulp samples had the highest contamination level followed by TMP, unbleached sulfite and bleached softwood and hardwood. In addition to the bleaching process, various chemicals used in the pulping, bleaching and wastewater treatment can contribute to the contamination.     

西渡造纸厂综合污水处理工程的设计

西渡造纸厂综合工业废水 1 80 0 0m3 /d ,废水中含有纤维、木质素、半纤维素、草屑、泥灰、炉灰和纸浆短纤维等固溶物和微量的可溶性有机物以及碱等 ,同时含有大量的不溶性有机物 ;水呈黑色 ,属难生化的高浓度有机废水。在污水处理工程设计中通过对造纸黑液采用水解酸化 UBF 混凝沉淀联合处理工艺 ,出水可达到《造纸工业水污染物排放标准》(GWPB2 1 999)要求     

二相厌氧-混凝法处理制浆造纸综合废水的工艺设计及调试

湖南某造纸厂采用二相厌氧 混凝法处理制浆造纸综合废水取得了显著效果 ,CODCr排放总量削减率达 80 % ,水体水质明显改善。本文介绍了该工程的工艺设计及调试。     

Improvement in rice straw pulp bleaching effluent quality by incorporating oxygen delignification stage prior to elemental chlorine-free bleaching

Environmental degradation by industrial and other developmental activities is alarming for imperative environmental management by process advancements of production. Pulp and paper mills are now focusing on using nonwood-based raw materials to protect forest resources. In present study, rice straw was utilized for pulp production as it is easily and abundantly available as well as rich in carbohydrates (cellulose and hemicelluloses). Soda-anthraquinone method was used for pulp production as it is widely accepted for agro residues. Bleaching process during paper production is the chief source of wastewater generation. The chlorophenolic compounds generated during bleaching are highly toxic, mutagenic, and bioaccumulative in nature. The objectives of study were to use oxygen delignification (ODL) stage prior to elemental chlorine-free (ECF) bleaching to reduce wastewater load and to study its impact on bleached pulp characteristics. ODL stage prior to ECF bleaching improved the optical properties of pulp in comparison to only ECF bleaching. When ODL stage was incorporated prior to bleaching, the tensile index and folding endurance of the pulp were found to be 56.6 ± 1.5 Nm/g and 140, respectively, very high in comparison to ECF alone. A potential reduction of 51, 57, 43, and 53% in BOD₃, COD, color, and AOX, respectively was observed on adding the ODL stage compared to ECF only. Generation of chlorophenolic compounds was reduced significantly. Incorporation of ODL stage prior to bleaching was found to be highly promising for reducing the toxicity of bleaching effluents and may lead to better management of nearby water resources.

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不同来源高浓度有机废水的集中处理

按照水质情况,将多种来源于不同工业生产过程中的高浓度有机废水划分为高悬浮固体乳化液废水、难生化高浓度有机废水、高悬浮固体不含油有机废水、含铬有机废水和杂质含量较少的乳化液废水5类,分别采用酸化破乳/Fen-ton氧化/混凝/絮凝、Fenton氧化/混凝/絮凝、混凝/絮凝、还原/混凝/絮凝、震动膜过滤技术作为生化预处理技术,并通过小试和中试验证了各技术的效果。实验结果表明,按照上述分类结果,采用不同预处理技术可以得到良好的效果,废水水质明显改善,满足继续生化处理的基本条件。各预处理生产装置处理效果稳定,同时生化系统已经稳定运行120天以上,COD去除率超过90%,出水经过低剂量的Fenton试剂处理后可达到《污水排入城镇下水道水质标准》(CJ343-2012)。     

Formation of organochlorine compounds in kraft pulp bleaching processes

The most abundant volatile organochlorine compounds (VOCCs), trichloroacetic and dichloroacetic acids and AOX, were determined in bleaching effluent and waste water from three kraft pulp mills during ClO₂ bleaching. 0.6–7.7 g of VOCCs per ton bleached pulp were formed, the most abundant being chloroform and dichloroacetic acid methyl ester. Most of the VOCCs were removed during treatment, and it was estimated that 2–30 t of VOCCs would be removed annually from activated sludge treatment plants in Finnish kraft pulp mills using elemental chlorine free bleaching, most likely by volatilization. Dichloroacetic acid was formed in considerably higher amounts than trichloroacetic acid, and both compounds were removed effectively during treatment. The formation of all organochlorine compounds decreased considerably when non-chlorinated bleaching was employed.     

膜蒸馏处理糖精钠生产废水

采用直接接触式膜蒸馏(DCMD)工艺处理糖精钠生产废水。分析了经过活性炭吸附预处理前后,膜蒸馏连续循环运行的效果。实验结果表明,未经预处理的废水在膜蒸馏过程中,废水中所含有机物不仅导致膜材料的润湿,引起产水电导率升高及膜孔润湿,促进盐晶体在膜表面附着,使产水通量下降。经吸附预处理后,膜蒸馏过程中产水通量介于10.40～11.24 kg/(m2.h)。吸附预处理能有效减缓产水通量的衰减,提高产水水质。废水经过活性炭预处理后进行膜蒸馏浓缩处理,当浓缩倍数达到5倍时,通量保持在10.55 kg/(m2.h)左右;产水水质稳定,截留率在99.5%以上。研究结果表明,吸附-膜蒸馏工艺可以应用于糖精钠生产废水的回用处理,有明显的应用前景。