印刷线路板废弃物的热解与动力学实验研究

分别应用管式炉反应器和热重分析手段对印刷线路板废弃物的热解行为和热解动力学进行了实验研究.在管式炉中,研究不同的热解温度:700～950℃,对产物分布和气体成分分布的影响.实验结果表明:PCB热解气体的主要成分是H2和CO2,气体的热值较低,仅为2.09～5.41 MJ/m3,PCB不适合以气体产物为目标的能源利用方式.应用Friedman方法对PCB的热解动力学进行了研究,求得PCB的热解动力学参数分别是:表观活化能190.92 kJ/mol,反应级数5.97,指前因子lnA47.14 min-1.     

灰色预测模型及分布活化能模型在废电路板热解中的应用

分别在管式炉反应器和热天平上对废电路板的热解行为进行实验研究。在管式炉反应器上考察了在同一升温速率（20 K/min）下不同热解终温 (400、500、600、700和800℃) 对废电路板热解产物产率的影响。在相关实验数据的基础上尝试用灰色理论及方法建立基于热解终温的废电路板热解灰色产率预测模型GM(1,1)，预测结果与实验数据对比表明，该预测模型精度较高，能够较好地对不同热解终温下废电路板热解产物产率进行预测。此外，在热天平上获得的不同升温速率（10、15和20 K/min）下的热失重曲线表明，废电路板的失重速率峰随升温速率的提高逐渐向高温侧移动。采用分布活化能模型对废电路板热失重曲线进行动力学分析，获得废电路板热解活化能的变化曲线。计算结果表明，废电路板热解过程中活化能并不是单一数值，而是随失重率变化的一个函数。所得废电路板热解活化能值在140～250 kJ/mol范围内变化，当失重率在10%～60%之间，活化能值总体呈缓慢上升的趋势，但当失重率＞60%时，活化能值由155.4 kJ/mol迅速增加到244.4 kJ/mol。     

废聚氨酯的热解及产物分析

利用热重分析仪和管式炉对废聚氨酯进行热解实验,研究了废聚氨酯的热解特性及热解产物.结果表明,废聚氨酯热解有3个失重阶段,热失重主要发生在200～440℃,600℃热失重趋于稳定.红外光谱图分析发现,热解过程中有大量CO和CO2产生.气质联用检测结果分析显示,热解产物复杂,液体产物中检出苯胺、p-苯胺、苯甲腈等多种芳香类化合物,气体产物以低碳的烷烃和烯烃为主,还检测出有机氯化合物,这是废聚氨酯中氟利昂类发泡剂所致.     

热解技术在废旧印刷电路板处理及资源化中的应用

综述了热解技术在废旧印刷电路板（printed circuit board，PCB）处理及资源化中应用的研究状况。热解技术可以改善和提高PCB中金属物质的回收效果，减少污染。同时，以热解为基础的PCB中非金属物质回收技术也有着很好的发展前景。PCB热解动力学的研究表明其在1000℃以下的热解过程可划分为分别服从不同反应机理的2个阶段。PCB热解产物中的油、气产物可以回收作为化工原料或燃料。PCB热解过程中含溴阻燃剂的转化和迁移规律以及热解产物中含溴污染物的控制和脱除、热解技术与其他PCB资源化技术的合理有效整合是今后研究的重点。     

热解技术在废旧印刷电路板处理及资源化中的应用

综述了热解技术在废旧印刷电路板(printed circuit board,PCB)处理及资源化中应用的研究状况.热解技术可以改善和提高PCB中金属物质的回收效果,减少污染.同时,以热解为基础的PCB中非金属物质回收技术也有着很好的发展前景.PCB热解动力学的研究表明其在1000℃以下的热解过程可划分为分别服从不同反应机理的2个阶段.PCB热解产物中的油、气产物可以回收作为化工原料或燃料.PCB热解过程中含溴阻燃剂的转化和迁移规律以及热解产物中含溴污染物的控制和脱除、热解技术与其他PCB资源化技术的合理有效整合是今后研究的重点.     

利用旋转炉热解城市污泥的产物特性

采用旋转管式加热炉实验台在惰性条件下对城市污泥进行了热解实验,系统研究了不同热解温度对气态产物和固态产物成分的影响。结果表明:污泥经热解后的产物在600℃时,比表面积最大值为158.02 m2/g,孔容最高为109.58 mm3/g。随着热解温度的升高,气态产物和液态产物的产率增加,而固态产物则减少。在热解温度450~750℃,热解产物中的固态产物产率由53.65%降至31.69%;气体产率从11.23%升至24.74%,其中H_2、CO、CO_2、CH_4、C_2H_4、C_2H_6和C_2H_2占总气体的75%以上,H_2含量随着热解温度的升高而升高。热解气中小分子碳氢化合物含量较高,600℃时热解气体中含氢气体主要包括:H_2、CH_4、C_2H_4、C_3H_8、正丁烷(C_4H_(10))及C_2H_6等,其中H_2和CH_4含量分别为27.98%和23.63%。CH4、C3H8、C_4H_(10)等气体的含量随着热解温度的升高呈现先增后减趋势,且在600℃达到最大值,C_2H_2、C_2H_6在450℃时其浓度最高。随着热解温度的升高,N、C和H3种元素在热解固态产物中的质量分数呈明显下降的趋势。     

初始温度对废轮胎热解的影响

以管式炉热解实验和热重分析为基础,研究了初始温度对废轮胎热解产率及气相产物特性影响。结果表明,初始温度对废轮胎的热解存在重要影响。热重分析结果表明,废轮胎的热解过程存在2个主要失重过程,第一失重温度区间为200～500℃,第二失重温度区间为650～800℃;升温速率仅改变了热解的最大失重速率,并未改变废轮胎最终热解失重率;可通过提高升温速率能够缩短热解反应时间。在初始温度低于100℃时,废轮胎在800℃时热解已基本结束;当终温为800℃、初始温度在100～550℃范围内时,随着初始温度的提高,固、气两相产物产率均提高,而液相产物产率降低;其中气相中H2、CO和CH4的含量高于初始温度小于100℃时的含量;分析认为,可以通过调节热解的初始温度调节废轮胎热解在不同热解阶段的时间分配,适当提高热解初始温度有利于提高整个热解过程中的时间利用效率、改变废轮胎热解产物的分布;废轮胎热解气化的最佳温度区间为500～800℃。     

有机固体废弃物热解生产脱水内醚糖的研究

以有机固体废弃物(废棉絮、废纸)为原料，在管式炉热解反应器热解生产脱水内醚糖。研究了热解温度对热解产物相态分布的影响。同时，利用HPLC对脱水内醚糖的产量进行了测定。HPLC分析结果表明：热解液水相中主要化学物质是乙酸，而非水相中主要化学物质是脱水内醚糖。     

直流电晕自由基簇射处理PCB热解废气的动力学模拟

对直流电晕自由基簇射处理PCB热解废气进行详细的模拟研究。在推导计算直流电晕簇射一次自由基产率和构建完整化学动力学机理体系的基础上，采用Chemkin软件栓塞流反应模型对不同条件下的热解废气降解过程进行详细的动力学模拟，并获得重要的数据参考。结果表明，输入气体温度为298～323K和电极气湿度接近0．06mg／mL是相对较好的降解条件。在此条件下，处理FR4型PCB热解气（降解率达85％以上）所需消耗的能量仅为1．044（kW·h）／kg。     

模拟医疗废物在管式电阻炉上的热解特性研究

在管式电阻炉上对由聚丙烯、面巾纸、纱布、医用脱脂棉、一次性口罩、医用乳胶手套等按一定比例组成的模拟医疗废物在氮气气氛进行了热解研究。重点探讨了10 K/min，20 K/min，30 K/min和40 K/min等不同升温速率对热解产物分布、产气特性和热解过程的影响。结果表明，随着温度升高，模拟废物的热解产生气体的主要成分逐渐由CO₂和CO转变为C₃H₆、CH₄、C₂H₆、C₂H₄和C₃H₈。同时，热解处理对模拟废物的减量化效果比较明显，固体残留率仅为5.61%～7.02%。而且，加热速率对模拟医疗废物热解过程的影响较大。     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

A History of Dry Cleaners and Sources of Solvent Releases from Dry Cleaning Equipment

Approximately 25, 000-35, 000 dry cleaning facilities currently operate in the U.S. The release of perchloroethylene and other solvents from these establishments represents a major source of soil and groundwater contamination. The manner in which dry cleaning solvents escape from dry cleaning plants is, for all practical purposes, identical for chlorinated and petroleum hydrocarbon solvents and is related to one of the following events: the catastrophic failure of a component of the dry cleaning system, the improper installation, operation or maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment or a combination of all of these causes. Acceptable customs, codes and regulations can also dictate what is authorized for operation of a dry cleaning facility in a particular community, geographic area during a particular time frame. Environmental litigation dealing with the origin of a solvent release from dry cleaners tends to focus on the design and manufacture of dry cleaning industry machines such as washers, washer extractors, tumblers, solvent filters, water separators, stills and spotting boards. A thorough analysis of the daily operations of dry cleaners often reveals that poor maintenance, failure to follow the manufacturer's instructions and the actions of the operator are the most likely causes of soil and groundwater pollution. In order to forensically evaluate the most probable origins of a solvent release and to examine issues regarding liability, a thorough understanding of the history of dry cleaning and a detailed analysis of the operation and maintenance of the dry cleaning equipment are necessary. The discovery of solvent plumes in the vicinity of dry cleaning plants may suggest that the solvent source is the dry cleaning plant; however, the presence of these plumes does not necessarily indicate that the dry cleaning equipment was defectively designed or manufactured. A thorough review of the type of equipment used over the life of the dry cleaning plant and verifiable solvent mileage records frequently indicates that operators of the plant have disposed of solvent and contaminated solids into the municipal sewer or on ground surfaces.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Malathion-induced sublethal toxicity on the intestine of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis)

The effect of malathion [diethyl(dimethoxythiophosphorylthio)succinate] at sublethal concentration (0.006 ppm) on intestinal parameters of cricket frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) was studied for 24 hrs to 240 hrs of exposure and remarkable histopathological alterations were observed. The study on intestinal parameters revealed acute pathological conditions in the intestinal wall. The toxic effect became evident as the cytoplasm of the cells disintegrated and the cells became empty and vacuolated. The cell membranes were also ruptured. Degenerative changes of the absorptive surface (villi) of the intestine in the different periods of exposure were pronounced. Severe atrophic nature (necrotic mucosa) of the intestine began from 48 hrs onwards to 96 hrs of exposure.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Nitrogen leaching and acidification during 19 years of NH₄NO₃ additions to a coniferous-forested catchment at Gårdsjön, Sweden (NITREX)

The role of nitrogen (N) in acidification of soil and water has become relatively more important as the deposition of sulphur has decreased. Starting in 1991, we have conducted a whole-catchment experiment with N addition at Gårdsjön, Sweden, to investigate the risk of N saturation. We have added 41 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ as NH₄NO₃ to the ambient 9 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in fortnightly doses by means of sprinkling system. The fraction of input N lost to runoff has increased from 0% to 10%. Increased concentrations of NO₃ in runoff partially offset the decreasing concentrations of SO₄ and slowed ecosystem recovery from acid deposition. From 1990-2002, about 5% of the total N input went to runoff, 44% to biomass, and the remaining 51% to soil. The soil N pool increased by 5%. N deposition enhanced carbon (C) sequestration at a mean C/N ratio of 42-59 g g⁻¹.     

Leaching of seven pesticides currently used in cotton crop in Mato Grosso State—Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the leaching of pesticides and the applicability of the Attenuation Factor (AF) Model to predict their leaching. The leaching of carbofuran, carbendazim, diuron, metolachlor, α and β endosulfan and chlorpyrifos was studied in an Oxisol using a field experiment lysimeter located in Dom Aquino – Mato Grosso. The samples of percolated water were collected by rain event and analyzed. Chemical and physical soil attributes were determined before pesticide application to the plots. The results showed that carbofuran was the pesticide that presented a higher leaching rate in the studied soil, so was the one representing the highest contamination potential. From the total carbofuran applied in the soil surface, around 6 % leached below 50 cm. The other pesticides showed lower mobility in the studied soil. The calculated values to AF were 7.06E-12 (carbendazim), 5.08E-03 (carbofuran), 3.12E-17 (diuron), 6.66E-345 (α-endosulfan), 1.47E-162 (β-endosulfan), 1.50E-06 (metolachlor), 3.51E-155 (chlorpyrifos). AF Model was useful to classify the pesticides' potential for contamination; however, that model underestimated pesticide leaching.     

Endosulfan in China 2—emissions and residues

Background, aim, and scope  Endosulfan is one of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and also a candidate to be included in a group of new persistent organic pollutants (UNEP 2007). The first national endosulfan usage inventories in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution has been reported in an accompanying paper. In the second part of the paper, we compiled the gridded historical emissions and soil residues of endosulfan in China from the usage inventories. Based on the residue/emission data, gridded concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese soil and air have been calculated. These inventories will provide valuable data for the further study of endosulfan. Methods  Emission and residue of endosulfan were calculated from endosulfan usage by using a simplified gridded pesticide emission and residue model—SGPERM, which is an integrated modeling system combining mathematical model, database management system, and geographic information system. By using the emission and residue inventories, annual air and soil concentrations of endosulfan in each cell were determined. Results and discussion  Historical gridded emission and residue inventories of α- and β-endosulfan in agricultural soil in China with 1/4° longitude by 1/6° latitude resolution have been created. Total emissions were around 10,800 t, with α-endosulfan at 7,400 t and β-endosulfan at 3,400 t from 1994 to 2004. The highest residues were 140 t for α-endosulfan and 390 t for β-endosulfan, and the lowest residues were 0.7 t for α-endosulfan and 170 t for β-endosulfan in 2004 in Chinese agricultural soil where endosulfan was applied. Based on the emission and residue inventories, concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were also calculated for each grid cell. We have estimated annual averaged air concentrations and the annual minimum and maximum soil concentrations across China. The real concentrations will be different from season to season. Although our model does not consider the transport of the insecticide in the atmosphere, which could be very important in some areas during some special time, the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil derived from the endosulfan emission and residue inventories are in general consistent with the published monitoring data. Conclusions  To our knowledge, this work is the first inventory of this kind for endosulfan published on a national scale. Concentrations of the chemical in Chinese air and agricultural surface soil were calculated for each grid cell. Results show that the estimated concentrations of endosulfan in Chinese air and soil agree reasonably well with the monitoring data in general. Recommendations and perspectives  The gridded endosulfan emission/residue inventories and also the air and soil concentration inventories created in this study will be updated upon availability of new information, including usage and monitoring data. The establishment of these inventories for the OCP is important for both scientific communities and policy makers.