热解技术在废旧印刷电路板处理及资源化中的应用

综述了热解技术在废旧印刷电路板（printed circuit board，PCB）处理及资源化中应用的研究状况。热解技术可以改善和提高PCB中金属物质的回收效果，减少污染。同时，以热解为基础的PCB中非金属物质回收技术也有着很好的发展前景。PCB热解动力学的研究表明其在1000℃以下的热解过程可划分为分别服从不同反应机理的2个阶段。PCB热解产物中的油、气产物可以回收作为化工原料或燃料。PCB热解过程中含溴阻燃剂的转化和迁移规律以及热解产物中含溴污染物的控制和脱除、热解技术与其他PCB资源化技术的合理有效整合是今后研究的重点。     

印刷线路板热解过程中溴的迁移实验研究

选取溴化环氧树脂印刷线路板为原料,通过热重红外联用仪和热解-气相色谱/质谱联用仪对其热解过程中溴的迁移规律进行了研究.结果表明,印刷线路板主要热解温度区间在300～380℃,HBr在最大热失重处释放;PCB热解时,含溴化合物主要有溴甲烷、溴苯酚及2-溴,4-异丙基甲苯.     

超/亚临界水中四溴双酚A的脱溴降解特性研究

在超/亚临界水及其碱溶液中对四溴双酚A进行了水热脱溴降解研究。考察了温度、时间和碱类型对降解特性的影响。结果表明,在纯水中温度是影响四溴双酚A降解的关键参数,350℃下反应180 min和400℃反应30 min,脱溴率分别达到98.7%和96.7%,降解产物中苯酚和4-丁基苯酚分别占50%和20%以上,另外还有少量的烷基酚;向反应体系中加入碱不仅可以中和反应过程中产生的氢溴酸以保护超临界反应釜,而且可以在较低温度下实现高的脱溴率,产物中苯酚含量达50%以上、4-异丙烯基苯酚占10%左右,可以实现脱溴同时回收化工产品的目的。与传统的热解技术相比,超/亚临界水处理TBBPA具有明显的优势,本研究为含溴电子废弃物的清洁高附加值资源化利用提供了一条新的途径。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出废弃挠性PCB中金属的影响因素分析

废弃挠性PCB是资源化价值高的电子废弃物之一,正需环境友好的方法回收其所含的多种有价金属。采用显微镜对破碎后的挠性PCB粉样进行解离情况观察,发现破碎法难以将挠性PCB中的金属与非金属解离。通过设计单因素实验,研究挠性PCB粉末粒度大小、添加量、培养液初始p H、菌接种量、活化时间以及Fe SO4·7H2O添加量6个因素对氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,简称A.f菌)浸出挠性PCB中金属过程的影响。结果表明,A.f菌不能浸出挠性PCB中Au,但Cu、Ni可以有效浸出且最优化条件为:10 g·L-1挠性PCB、粒度0.25~0.42 mm、培养基初始p H 2.5、菌接种量5%、菌活化时间5 d、Fe SO4·7H2O添加量30 g·L-1,金属Cu的浸出率达到90.1%,比未接种处理高出42.4%;金属Ni的浸出率达到了85.9%,比未接种处理高出了32.9%。因此,采用生物法可环境友好地回收挠性PCB中Cu、Ni,有利于废弃挠性PCB的资源化处理。     

印刷线路板废弃物的热解与动力学实验研究

分别应用管式炉反应器和热重分析手段对印刷线路板废弃物的热解行为和热解动力学进行了实验研究.在管式炉中,研究不同的热解温度:700～950℃,对产物分布和气体成分分布的影响.实验结果表明:PCB热解气体的主要成分是H2和CO2,气体的热值较低,仅为2.09～5.41 MJ/m3,PCB不适合以气体产物为目标的能源利用方式.应用Friedman方法对PCB的热解动力学进行了研究,求得PCB的热解动力学参数分别是:表观活化能190.92 kJ/mol,反应级数5.97,指前因子lnA47.14 min-1.     

微波辐照热解废印刷电路板产物的分析研究

为了减少电子废弃物对环境的危害,实现其资源化回收利用,研究了微波辐照热解废印刷电路板的效果,并采用红外光谱、气相色谱质谱和X荧光光谱等方法对热解产物的组成及性质进行了分析.结果显示:微波热解得到的气体、液体、固体的产率分别为7%～33%、26%～45%、31%～51%,其中气体主要由CO、CO2、H2及有机烃类组成,可燃性气体占70%(体积分数)左右,可作为燃料气加以利用;液体分为水相及油相,经常压蒸馏后得到的120～250 ℃馏分主要为单酚化合物,苯酚高达50%(质量分数)左右,甲基苯酚和邻甲基苯酚为25%(质量分数)以上,是良好的化工原料;固体中除炭外,还含有许多金属如铅、锡和铜等,可以回收利用.说明微波热解技术处理电子废弃物可实现资源化回收利用.     

含油钻屑的热解特性

在石油勘探和页岩气开采中会产生大量废弃含油钻屑,热解是实现含油钻屑废弃物资源化利用的有效途径。采用TG-FTIR研究了含油钻屑热解及产物分布特性,并在固定床上考察了温度以及热解时间对含油钻屑热解气和热解油的影响规律,对含油钻屑提取油与热解回收油成分进行了对比分析。结果表明:含油钻屑热解经历干燥脱气、轻质油热解、重质油分解和矿物质裂解4个过程;350~550℃时热解回收油与含油钻屑提取油中烃类物质组成相似,热解油可以循环利用;含油钻屑550℃下热解80 min,热解油回收率达65%,部分油发生裂解,残渣含油率仅为0.28%。     

含油岩屑热解特性与资源化

采用热红联用技术(TG-FTIR)对含油钻井岩屑进行热重实验研究,通过失重率(TG)曲线、失重速率(d TG)曲线获得其相关热解参数,通过FTIR图谱定性分析热解产物;进一步通过热解实验,对含油岩屑热解产物进行定量分析。实验结果表明,根据热解产物的不同可将含油岩屑热解过程分为3个阶段:低温段(25~350℃)、中温段(350~650℃)以及高温段(650~800℃)。其热解气体产物以一氧化碳和甲烷为主,冷凝液体产物主要为烃类与芳香族化合物。并探讨了含油岩屑经热解处理后产物资源化利用的方法。     

印刷线路板废弃物的热解与动力学实验研究

分别应用管式炉反应器和热重分析手段对印刷线路板废弃物的热解行为和热解动力学进行了实验研究。在管式炉中，研究不同的热解温度：700～950℃，对产物分布和气体成分分布的影响。实验结果表明：PCB热解气体的主要成分是H2和CO2，气体的热值较低，仅为2．09～5．41MJ/m^3，PCB不适合以气体产物为目标的能源利用方式。应用Friedman方法对PCB的热解动力学进行了研究，求得PCB的热解动力学参数分别是：表观活化能190．92kJ/mol，反应级数5．97，指前因子lnA47．14min^-1。     

城市生活垃圾与园林废弃物的共热解特性

为实现城市生活垃圾减量化、无害化和资源化,采用热重分析天平和实验室固定床热解反应器进行城市生活垃圾(MSW)与园林废弃物共热解实验,研究了不同热解终温、松树枝和柳树枝添加比例对热解产物产率影响,并利用气质联用色谱分析仪(GC-MS)对热解油进行表征分析。实验结果表明:MSW、松树枝和柳树枝的热解过程均可以分为3个阶段,主要包括脱水、热解、炭化;MSW、松树枝和柳树枝单独热解时最大失重速率分别出现在321.48、358.23和377.83℃;MSW与松树枝共热解DTG曲线在热解反应第2阶段有2个析出峰,分别在342.32℃和471.48℃,比MSW单独热解时,失重率增加了7.29%。当城市生活垃圾与松树枝、柳树枝的添加量分别为3∶1时,热解液体产物产率明显升高,热解油中醇类、羧酸类、醛类等含氧有机物的含量降低,热值增加,热解油中氧含量降低,且松树枝对共热解焦油的脱氧效果更为显著,热解油品质得到提升。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响

研究了遵义红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响 ,从砷酸根浓度和体系pH对红土动电电位影响的角度作了探讨 ,结果表明 ,砷酸根离子浓度越大 ,Zata电位下降幅度越大 ,Zata电位也越低 ;随着体系pH的升高 ,氧化铁胶体动电电位逐渐下降 ,甚至改变了表面电位的符号。由此得出了红土吸附砷属于专性吸附的结论。     

活性炭三维电极法对印染废水的处理研究

对三维电极方法处理印染废水进行了实验研究,初步探讨了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的机理,对影响处理效果的各种要素,如反应时间、槽电压和pH值等进行了条件实验,得出了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的最佳运行条件为:停留时间120-180 min,槽电压25～30 V,进水pH值6.5～7.5。结果表明,该反应器能有效地降低废水色度,有较高的COD去除效率,并能提高印染废水的可生化性。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Visualisation of the complexity of EUSES

The interdependencies of parameters applied in the models of EUSES are visualised in a directed connectivity graph. The parameters (inputs, defaults, state variables, outputs) are represented by boxes (nodes) and their relations by lines (edges). The visualisation, on the one hand, clarifies the complexity of the models in EUSES and, on the other hand, creates an overview and transparency. The parameters’ relations to each other can be recognised faster, and the models can be better understood. The complexity was quantified by the number (variety), kind (substance parameter, physico-chemical parameter, concentration, other parameters), and depth (dimension) of the parameter and the number of relations (connectivity). The variety of EUSES (without the modelsSimple Treat andSimple Box whose interior structure is not documented and without the effect and risk characterisation) amounts to 466, the connectivity to 961, and the maximal dimension is 21.