铬渣水泥固化及固化体浸出毒性的研究

铬渣水泥固化时要加入硫酸亚铁和添加剂矿渣、粉煤灰，硫酸亚铁可以部分地把六价铬还原为三价铬，能把得到的固化体六价铬浸出毒性降到低于国家标准，抗压强度可达30MPa以上，可综合利用。与此同时，本文考虑日晒、振荡时间和固化体粒度对浸出毒性的影响以及固化体表现浸出率、模拟酸雨淋溶对固化体性能的影响。     

铬渣的固化/稳定化研究

探讨了用水泥粘结剂对铬渣进行稳定化的方法。结果表明，把高炉矿渣和粉煤灰加入水泥基材中对铬渣进行固化，固化体抗压强度达到30MPa以上，浸出毒性大大降低，浸了同液中六价铬浓度在容许范围内，建议可以综合利用。     

基于硫酸亚铁的机械化学还原法处理六价铬污染土壤

通过机械化学还原法对六价铬污染土壤进行固化稳定化处理,采用《固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法硫酸硝酸法》(HJ/T 299-2007)对处理效果进行评价,以及使用激光粒度仪、SEM和XPS对处理前后土壤样品的粒径、形貌以及铬的价态变化等性质进行表征。分析结果显示,机械化学还原法处理可以有效降低土壤中六价铬的浸出浓度。当未添加七水合硫酸亚铁时,土壤中六价铬的浸出浓度由115 mg·L~(-1)降低至2.0 mg·L~(-1);而添加七水合硫酸亚铁作为还原剂时,六价铬浸出浓度由115 mg·L~(-1)降至0.16 mg·L~(-1)。另外,经过机械化学还原处理后的土壤样品颗粒变细并形成致密的团聚体以及发生六价铬向三价铬的转化。     

铬渣的高温-快冷-等温转变固化研究

采用高温-快冷-等温转变对铬渣进行固化处理,通过调整配料成分确定最高固化温度,使铬渣的处理量最大且软化温度最低,以利节能和实际工业应用。结果显示,混合物以含铬渣35％～40％、粘土35％～45％、河沙10％、粉煤灰10％时,软化温度最低为1120～1125℃,固化产物经过标准毒性浸出,所测定的浸出液六价铬离子浓度低于0．8mg／L。该固化方法具有操作流程较短、铬渣处理量大等优点,可成功固化其中的六价铬离子。其固化原理是铬渣中铬离子在高温下迁移至相界面,在合理的冷却过程中稳定存在于相界面,而不易被浸出。     

含铬钻井泥浆固化及影响因素

固化技术是含铬钻井泥浆无害化处理最有效的方法。以四川西部某钻井泥浆为研究对象，选取水泥、石灰、聚铝和水玻璃作为固化处理剂，运用正交试验研究了含铬钻井泥浆实验条件。最佳试验配方是：先将泥浆含水率调整为46%，水泥、聚铝、石灰和水玻璃的添加量分别为10%、1%、3%和0.5%。固化72 h，该试验配方对六价铬和总铬的固化率分别达到93%和95%，浸出六价铬浓度符合地下水三类水标准(GB/T14848-9)，浸出总铬浓度符合国家污水综合排放标准（GB5085.3-1996）。     

钢渣预处理含铬废水及其废渣与铬渣的固化

用钢渣对含铬废水进行预处理,探讨了钢渣粒度、用量、废水pH值和添加硫酸亚铁还原剂的影响.结果表明,经硫酸亚铁还原处理后再用钢渣处理比单纯用钢渣处理的效果明显提高,采用钢渣/总铬质量比为40的100目钢渣处理经硫酸亚铁还原后的含铬废水,总铬和Cr6 去除率分别达79%和84%,采用钢渣柱进行的两级淋滤实验进一步表明该方法可作为工业上含铬废水处理的预处理段.处理后的废钢渣同工业铬渣一起进行水泥固化,标准养护20 d后固化体表面Cr6 浸出率、破碎至5 mm粒径以下和酸雨淋溶下的浸出液Cr6 浓度均符合安全标准,可作为普通建材或进行填埋处置.     

钢渣预处理含铬废水及其废渣与铬渣的固化

用钢渣对含铬废水进行预处理，探讨了钢渣粒度、用量、废水pH值和添加硫酸亚铁还原剂的影响。结果表明，经硫酸亚铁还原处理后再用钢渣处理比单纯用钢渣处理的效果明显提高，采用钢渣／总铬质量比为40的100目钢渣处理经硫酸亚铁还原后的含铬废水，总铬和Cr^6＋去除率分别达79％和84％，采用钢渣柱进行的两级淋滤实验进一步表明该方法可作为工业上含铬废水处理的预处理段。处理后的废钢渣同工业铬渣一起进行水泥固化，标准养护20d后固化体表面Cr^6＋浸出率、破碎至5mm粒径以下和酸雨淋溶下的浸出液Cr^6＋浓度均符合安全标准，可作为普通建材或进行填埋处置。     

城市河涌受污染底泥的固化/稳定化处理

为了给河涌疏浚底泥的资源化提供技术支持,以广州市车陂涌表层受污染底泥为研究对象,用水泥、石灰、粉煤灰、膨润土等材料对底泥进行固化/稳定化处理实验。通过无侧限抗压强度、污染物在模拟自然条件下(中性)的释放特征、毒性浸出实验(酸性条件)对固化/稳定化处理效果进行综合分析。结果表明:经合适的处理后,固化体抗压强度能高于300 kPa;固化体自然条件下重金属的释放量明显减少,固化/稳定化处理能够有效减缓和减少固化体的二次污染;毒性浸出实验结果表明,河涌底泥经固化/稳定化处理后其重金属浸出能力显著降低。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰水泥固化技术研究

用硫铝酸盐水泥对城市垃圾焚烧飞灰(简称飞灰)进行固化实验,研究了飞灰重金属浸出特性,分析了飞灰掺量、浸提剂p H值对重金属浸出特性以及飞灰掺量对不同龄期(3、7、28 d)飞灰固化体抗压强度的影响,并对飞灰及其固化体进行XRD分析。结果表明,在HJ/T 299-2007和HJ/T 300-2007两种不同浸出体系下,飞灰中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr和Mn等重金属浸出浓度差别较大,建议应根据评价目标合理选择重金属浸出测量方法。其中,飞灰中Pb的浸出浓度超过《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》(GB 5085.3-2007)限值的3.35倍,因此被列为危险废物,应妥善处理。除飞灰掺量小于40%时的固化体Cd符合标准,其余飞灰固化体Pb和Cd的浸出浓度仍超过《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889-2008)限值,故达不到卫生填埋的要求。固化体抗压强度随飞灰掺量增大而降低,重金属浸出浓度与之相反。飞灰掺量为40%时,固化体中重金属浸出浓度随浸提剂p H值降低而增大,但p H值大于5时,未测出重金属浸出。XRD结果表明:飞灰中可溶性盐参与水泥水化反应,重金属Cr以CrO_2-4的形式固化于钙矾石中。     

交联阳离子淀粉螯合剂对铬渣的处理研究

合成了作为重金属螯合剂的交联阳离子淀粉 ,并将它用于铬渣的固化实验 ,对固化体的浸出毒性、表面浸出率、抗压强度等指标进行了测试。结果表明 ,添加高分子螯合剂后的固化体的浸出毒性降低 6 6 4 % ,远远小于国家标准的1 5mg/L ;2 8d后的表面浸出率仅为 1 0 -6数量级 ;抗压强度有所下降 ,但 2 8d养护后的抗压强度大于 30MPa ,符合填埋或建筑综合利用的强度要求     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

Visualisation of the complexity of EUSES

The interdependencies of parameters applied in the models of EUSES are visualised in a directed connectivity graph. The parameters (inputs, defaults, state variables, outputs) are represented by boxes (nodes) and their relations by lines (edges). The visualisation, on the one hand, clarifies the complexity of the models in EUSES and, on the other hand, creates an overview and transparency. The parameters’ relations to each other can be recognised faster, and the models can be better understood. The complexity was quantified by the number (variety), kind (substance parameter, physico-chemical parameter, concentration, other parameters), and depth (dimension) of the parameter and the number of relations (connectivity). The variety of EUSES (without the modelsSimple Treat andSimple Box whose interior structure is not documented and without the effect and risk characterisation) amounts to 466, the connectivity to 961, and the maximal dimension is 21.     

产油微藻培养与回收的关键技术研究进展

寻找廉价而高效的替代原料是实现生物柴油产业化的关键所在.微藻以含油量高、生长周期短、环境适应能力强、生物产量高等优点,有望成为一种极具潜力的生物柴油生产原料.然而,目前尚存在微藻培养低效成本高和微藻回收效率低两大难题.综述了微藻培养与回收过程中的关键技术,并对存在的两大难题及其改进技术进行了详细的探讨.最后,总结并展望了微藻培养、回收技术未来的发展趋势.