假单胞菌好氧降解四溴双酚A的特性

为了解四溴双酚A(TBBPA)的好氧降解特性,采用选择富集法从活性污泥中分离出一株能够高效降解四溴双酚A的菌株。根据其形态、生理生化特性及16S rDNA核苷酸序列分析,该菌株被鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。研究结果表明,该菌株可通过好氧共代谢方式实现四溴双酚A的降解,葡萄糖是四溴双酚A降解的最佳碳源,其最优降解条件为葡萄糖8 g/L,牛肉膏0.5 g/L,pH值为7.0,培养温度为35℃,摇床转速为150 r/min。在该条件下其生物降解过程符合一级动力学模型,6 d后的降解率高达95.6%。LC-MS结果表明,四溴双酚A在好氧降解过程中会生成异丙苯酚类物质。     

反溶剂沉淀废旧电子塑料溶液过程中溴系阻燃剂的转移行为及分离

为了减少废旧电子塑料带来的环境污染及健康风险,选择柠檬烯为溶剂、正丙醇为反溶剂,调查了从电子塑料溶液沉淀回收聚苯乙烯(PS)过程中溴系阻燃剂的转移行为,讨论了沉淀工艺参数对阻燃剂分离效果的影响规律,确定了分离阻燃剂的沉淀条件。实验结果表明:难溶解的阻燃剂主要通过析出晶体转移到沉淀中,易溶解的阻燃剂通过溶剂携带转移到沉淀中。较高温度或较少正丙醇用量有利于提高十溴联苯醚(Deca BDE)的分离效果;较低温度或较大正丙醇用量有利于四溴双酚A(TBBPA)的分离,高速搅拌能抑制沉淀颗粒团聚、减少沉淀物中的溶剂含量,可同时改善Deca BDE和TBBPA的分离效果。10%的塑料溶液在正丙醇用量为1∶1、40℃及3 000 r·min~(-1)的条件下进行沉淀,能获得粒径为0.92mm左右的再生PS颗粒,塑料溶液中90%以上的多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)、95%以上的TBBPA被脱除。     

聚合物驱采出水中聚丙烯酰胺的微生物联合降解作用研究

通过对2株细菌的培养降解实验研究聚丙烯酰胺(hydrolyzed polyacrylamide,HPAM)降解菌对水环境下聚丙烯酰胺的降解作用,讨论协同降解机理。2株降解聚丙烯酰胺的菌株假单胞菌CJ419、枯草芽孢杆菌FA16在初始30℃废水样品上培养,定期测量细菌生物量和HPAM降解率。培养30 d后CJ419和FA16对聚合物的降解率最大值分别达到30.4%和25%,而以1∶1比例的混合菌降解率最大值达到80.3%。对2株菌胞外各组分研究表明:混合菌降解HPAM的机理主要由胞外降解酶系水解聚合物侧链基团导致HPAM降解为小分子物质,同时生长过程中降解菌还会释放非蛋白还原性物质引发氧化反应共同参与HPAM降解。     

高铁酸钾和次氯酸钠联用降解四溴双酚A的研究

研究了高铁酸钾(K_2FeO_4)与次氯酸钠(NaClO)联用对四溴双酚A(TBBPA)的降解效果,考察了pH、反应时间、K_2FeO_4初始浓度对TBBPA降解率的影响,并探讨了NaClO浓度在K_2FeO_4与NaClO联用时对TBBPA降解率的影响。结果表明,在pH=9,K_2FeO_4与TBBPA的初始浓度比为3.0∶1.0,反应时间为6 min时,K_2FeO_4对TBBPA有较好的降解效果,降解率为89.2%。在初始条件不变的情况下,加入8mg/L的NaClO后,TBBPA的降解率可达97.1%,与单独使用K_2FeO_4相比,TBBPA的降解率有较大提升。K_2FeO_4及K_2FeO_4-NaClO联用降解TBBPA的反应符合准一级动力学模型,其速率常数(k)分别为0.006 7、0.007 7s~(-1),其相关系数(R2)分别为0.979 6、0.983 9。     

一株高效MC-RR降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

为了得到一株具有降解微囊藻毒素-RR(MC-RR)特性的产芽孢菌株,采用加热富集芽孢菌的方法,从太湖分离到一株MC-RR降解菌CM1,该菌对MC-RR具有强烈的降解特性。通过形态学特征、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析鉴定该菌株属于耐硼赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus boronitolerans)。通过研究温度和pH值对菌株CM1降解MC-RR能力的影响,发现菌株CM1在60 h将MC-RR由12.77μg/mL降解到1.67μg/mL,降解率达86.90%,最适降解温度为37℃,最适pH值为7.0。CM1菌株的胞外物质和胞内物质均能降解MC-RR,但胞内物质具有更强烈的降解特性,12 h可以将7.27μg/mL的MC-RR完全降解。为丰富MC-RR降解菌纯菌种研究以及在去除水体中MC-RR应用研究方面提供了理论基础。     

木质素降解放线菌的鉴定及产酶特性研究

为获得具有木质素降解功能的放线菌菌株并研究其产酶特性,通过苯胺蓝平板和木质素平板从造纸厂污泥中分离得到一株木质素降解放线菌AG-11,其对木质素的降解率可达60%以上,经过16SrDNA测序鉴定为灰略红链霉菌(Streptomyces griseorubens),Genbank登陆号为KX774674。研究了AG-11在液体条件下的产酶特性,发现AG-11对碱性木质素的降解主要依靠胞外漆酶(Lac)和胞外木质素过氧化物酶(LiP),且产酶活性受到木质素降解中间产物的诱导,同时对金属离子表现出了较强的敏感性,氧化胁迫也能显著提高AG-11的产酶活力,在20mmol/L H_2O_2胁迫下,其胞外Lac及胞外LiP酶活可分别达25.42、26.81U/mL。     

湿式过氧化氢氧化活性艳蓝KN-R

为了有效地处理印染废水,采用湿式过氧化氢氧化法(wet peroxide oxidation,简称WPO)降解活性艳蓝KN-R。通过筛选反应因子,获得了最佳反应条件。当初始浓度为200 mg/L时,在最优条件下,活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色率和TOC去除率分别为100%和68.54%。在120~150℃考察了该反应的动力学,结果表明,活性艳蓝KN-R的湿式过氧化氢氧化反应符合准一级动力学方程,并且通过计算得到了反应活化能为73.9 k J/mol。利用气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC-MS)鉴定活性艳蓝KN-R降解产物主要为几种小分子有机酸,如丁二酸、已二酸、邻苯二甲酸。通过添加自由基捕获剂(叔丁醇)研究了自由基反应机理,结果表明羟基自由基对活性艳蓝KN-R的降解起着主要作用。     

水单胞菌CA滤液的溶藻特性及其溶藻物质

针对一株具有明显溶藻效果的水单胞菌CA（Aquimonas sp.）,对其滤液的溶藻活性以及溶藻物质特性做了进一步的探索。结果表明,CA滤液具有强烈的溶藻效果。10 d内叶绿素a降解率达79.2%,藻细胞数目降解率达98.5%。同时,藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白急剧降低,分别降低了81.67%和82.60%。丙二醛含量也有所降低。通过研究溶藻物质的活性,发现溶藻物质经蛋白酶K处理后仍具有溶藻活性,说明溶藻物质是非蛋白类物质;溶藻物质具有较强的热稳定性,即使在121℃下处理2 h活性仍未丧失;溶藻物质在碱性条件下有较强的pH稳定性,在酸性条件下活性会有小部分丧失;同时通过有机试剂萃取,发现溶藻物质具有较强的极性。本研究为溶藻物质的溶藻特性研究以及溶藻物质的分离提供了理论基础。     

UV/SO_3~(2-)体系降解水中十溴联苯醚

十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)是全球应用最广泛的溴系阻燃剂之一。它可以长时间在环境中迁移,是一种亲脂疏水、可生物积累的难降解有机污染物。研究了UV/SO_3~(2-)高级还原体系对BDE-209的降解动力学,并分别考察了SO_3~(2-)浓度、p H、BDE-209初始浓度对其降解和脱溴效能的影响。结果表明,UV/SO_3~(2-)体系在BDE-209初始浓度为0.3μmol·L~(-1)、p H为7、SO_3~(2-)为1.0 mmol·L~(-1)、反应90 min时的降解效果最佳,降解率为93.54%;SO_3~(2-)浓度越高,BDE-209的降解和脱溴效果越好;酸性条件有利于BDE-209的降解;较高的BDE-209浓度不利于体系脱溴反应的进行。BDE-209的降解过程遵循伪一级动力学规律;脱溴过程主要通过e_(aq)攻击C—Br键分步实现。     

污水厂活性污泥荧光物质的温度敏感性

三维荧光分析污泥具有简单、直观和信息量大等优点,如果能找到一种敏感且与污泥联系密切的荧光物质,就能分析图谱波峰变化趋势得出污泥活性的信息。利用三维荧光技术对不同污水厂活性污泥荧光物质的温度敏感性进行研究。多次采集4个污水厂曝气池活性污泥并提取荧光物质,通过荧光图谱波峰变化、方差分析和代表物质荧光强度分别发现:1)胞内有机物质IOM、紧密结合型胞外聚合物TB-EPS、松散型胞外聚合物LB-EPS、溶解性有机物DOM对外界温度敏感程度不同,四类物质对外界温度变化敏感性排序是TB-EPSIOMLB-EPSDOM。2)4个污水厂DOM腐殖酸的荧光强度大小顺序为:难降解污水厂(SAW)县城污水厂(HY)城市污水厂(SIW、WW)。通过敏感性物质变化趋势和腐殖酸荧光强度指示污水厂活性污泥状态,从而对污水厂运行提供技术指导。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

产油微藻培养与回收的关键技术研究进展

寻找廉价而高效的替代原料是实现生物柴油产业化的关键所在.微藻以含油量高、生长周期短、环境适应能力强、生物产量高等优点,有望成为一种极具潜力的生物柴油生产原料.然而,目前尚存在微藻培养低效成本高和微藻回收效率低两大难题.综述了微藻培养与回收过程中的关键技术,并对存在的两大难题及其改进技术进行了详细的探讨.最后,总结并展望了微藻培养、回收技术未来的发展趋势.     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%（质量百分比）.反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.