高效纤维素降解菌的筛选

比较研究了刚果红脱色、滤纸崩解等几种纤维素分解菌筛选方法，并从腐木、腐竹、腐叶等样品中筛选获得4株高效纤维意降解菌，其中细菌1株(嗜纤维菌属)，真菌3株(木霉菌属)。该细菌可在4d内将滤纸平板完全降解为枯质。通过改变酶解条件，确定Z—2为进一步优化对象，并进行了相应的单因子优化实验，初步确定其量佳产酶条件为：培养温度30℃，初始pH4．5，不含尿素，GLC和纤维意含量分别为0.4％和0．6％。     

白腐菌处理染料废水的研究进展

白腐菌是一种可有效处理染料废水的丝状真菌，它可通过其分泌的特殊的降解酶系或其他机制将各种人工合成的染料彻底降解为CO2和H2O，同时，对脱色具有良好的作用。本文就白腐菌的生物学特性及其对染料的降解酶系，机理和白腐菌发酵的主要影响因子，白腐菌处理染料废水的有关研究及应用现状进行了综述。     

白腐菌处理染料废水的研究进展

白腐菌是一种可有效处理染料废水的丝状真菌 ,它可通过其分泌的特殊的降解酶系或其他机制将各种人工合成的染料彻底降解为CO2 和H2 O ,同时 ,对脱色具有良好的作用。本文就白腐菌的生物学特性及其对染料的降解酶系、机理和白腐菌发酵的主要影响因子、白腐菌处理染料废水的有关研究及应用现状进行了综述     

共基质对白腐菌降解喹啉的影响

选用吲哚、苯酚和氨氮作为喹啉降解的共基质.通过白腐菌BP对共基质的降解,研究了白腐菌BP对不同共基质降解体系中喹啉的降解过程及其反应动力学,同时研究了共基质物质对白腐菌BP漆酶活力、生物量增长速率和降解体系pH的影响.结果显示,白腐菌BP对不同共基质降解体系中的喹啉均具有较高的降解率,共基质物质苯酚、吲哚和氨氮对喹啉的降解有一定的抑制作用;共基质降解体系使白腐菌BP漆酶系统启动更加迅速,漆酶活力峰值提前出现;共基质降解体系能促进白腐菌BP的生长,缩短白腐菌BP的生长周期;秸秆滤出液培养基中,pH为6.00～8.00时,白腐菌BP对喹啉均具有较强的降解能力.     

白腐真菌降解阿维菌素废水的试验研究

利用前期实验筛选出的4株优势白腐真菌，处理阿维菌素废水经厌氧处理后的出水，实验结果表明，白腐真菌对该废水具有较好的处理效果，且其生长特性与处理效果基本正相关。     

PVA降解菌的复配组合及其紫外诱变处理的研究

对已筛选出的4株PVA降解菌进行不同的组合后测定PVA降解率,发现Z5与Z8菌株混合后在1周内对PVA的去除率达到了所有组合中的最高值52.07%,比单菌株提高了约22%。采用紫外照射的方法对混合菌进行诱变并利用正交实验研究其特性,结果表明,诱变后的混合菌在1周内降解了91.46%的PVA,并且碳源浓度对酶活的影响最为显著。当pH为7,碳源、氮源含量分别为1.5 g/L、0.6 g/L,NaC l浓度为1.5 g/L时,诱变菌株处于最佳生长状态。     

木质纤维素水提物促进白腐菌降解孔雀绿研究

对经白腐菌处理的木质纤维素水提物能否促进白腐菌对孔雀绿的降解及其反应机制进行了研究,并探讨了不同木质纤维素组分对白腐菌降解孔雀绿的影响.结果表明,经白腐菌处理不同时间的木质纤维素水提物均能促进白腐菌对孔雀绿的降解,该类物质的加入能缩短白腐菌生长周期及漆酶分泌周期;限氮培养基更有利于白腐菌对孔雀绿的脱色,半纤维素的加入对白腐菌降解孔雀绿的促进作用最为明显.     

紫外诱变黄孢原毛平革菌染料脱色研究

对黄孢原毛平革菌孢子悬浮液进行了紫外诱变，并将筛选出的优势菌ZWYB1与未经诱变的菌作对比实验，结果表明：诱变筛选得到的ZWYB1不仅可缩短对染料的脱色时间，提高对杂环类染料蕃红花红及高浓度染料400mg／L的孔雀石绿的脱色效果，而且诱变后的菌种具有一定的脱色能力稳定性。     

白腐菌在固体培养基下对吲哚和吡啶的降解

研究了稻草秆粉介质中白腐菌对吲哚和吡啶的降解.实验结果表明,质量浓度分别为200、80 mg/L左右的吲哚可被白腐菌去除99%以上,质量浓度为74 mg/L吡啶的去除率为61.5%;白腐菌在稻草秆粉培养体系中对吲哚和吡啶的降解,符合零级反应动力学,其中反应速率常数K(高浓度吲哚)＞K(低浓度吲哚)＞K(吡啶);高低浓度吲哚和吡啶3个降解体系的漆酶活力在第6天达到最大;漆酶在吲哚和吡啶降解过程中起着较重要的作用,但酶活的变化与吲哚和吡啶的相对去除率不呈线性相关,稻草秆粉培养基中的介质和培养环境在降解过程中可能也起着重要作用.     

白腐菌S.commune降解微囊藻毒素-LR的研究

为研究真菌对微囊藻毒素的降解作用,以白腐菌S.commune为降解菌,微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)为降解目标进行生物降解,考察了白腐菌预培养方式及降解过程中的培养方式、充氧方式、温度、初始pH以及MC-LR初始浓度对降解效果的影响.结果表明,白腐菌可有效降解MC-LR,经液体预培养白腐菌对MC-LR的降解效果好于固体预培养,白腐菌静置培养过程中每天充入纯氧1min有助于MC-LR的降解,白腐菌降解MC-LR的最佳初始pH为4.5,适宜温度为30～35℃.白腐菌对MC-LR的降解能力随MC-LR初始浓度的增加而降低.在最佳条件下,当MC-LR初始质量浓度为1 mg/L时,其完全降解需要2d；当MC-LR初始质量浓度为15 mg/L时,其完全降解需要7d.高浓度MC-LR(30 mg/L以上)会对白腐菌生长产生抑制作用.MC-LR降解中间产物的具体结构尚不清楚,有待未来深入分析研究.     

纤维素降解细菌筛选及降解特性分析

基于获得高效纤维素降解细菌的目的,通过LB培养基的培养以及刚果红培养基的筛选,从牛粪堆肥中筛选获得2株高效纤维素降解细菌。经鉴定,分别为枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和地衣芽胞杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。所筛选得到的菌种具有很高的滤纸降解能力,可在6d内使滤纸剧烈崩溃,振摇成均匀糊状;其中,地衣芽胞杆菌的羧甲基纤维素钠酶活峰值在发酵第4天达到峰值(237U/g)。     

牛粪堆肥升温菌剂的筛选及其作用机制

以糖、淀粉、蛋白质、纤维素培养基及菌株增殖倍数、菌株性能等为筛选方法,从牛粪低温堆肥中筛选不同原料重要功能菌并组成功能菌剂;以不同类别原料菌及单菌株发酵实验对升温机制进行研究。结果表明,芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌、纤维单胞菌及小孢霉菌等为重要功能菌;菌剂起温快,升温效果好,48 h堆体即由低温进入中温,5 d达到高温,腐熟时间可缩短至约17~18 d;糖功能菌升温效果最为显著,淀粉及蛋白质功能菌次之,纤维素功能菌升温能力较弱;菌株利用各种原料能力越强,增殖速度越快,对升温作用越大。各菌株充分利用基质各成分,紧密协同和促进,是低温堆体发酵升温的主要作用机制。     

Structure and fate of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa population originating from a combined sewer and colonizing a wastewater treatment lagoon

The efficacy of a wastewater treatment lagoon (WWTL) at preventing the spread of Pseudomonas aeruginosa into natural aquatic habitats was investigated. A WWTL and its connected combined sewer and brook were exhaustively sampled. Physico-chemical analyses showed a stratification of the first pond according to pH, temperature and oxygen content. The P. aeruginosa counts partially matched this stratification with higher values among the bottom anaerobic waters of the first half of this pond. Genotyping of 494 WWTL P. aeruginosa strains was performed and led to the definition of 85 lineages. Dominant lineages were observed, with some being found all over the WWTL including the connected brook. IS5 was used as an indicator of genomic changes, and 1 to 12 elements were detected among 16 % of the strains. IS-driven lasR (genetic regulator) disruptions were detected among nine strains that were not part of the dominant lineages. These insertional mutants did not show significant elastase activities but showed better growth than the PAO1 reference strain in WWTL waters. Differences in growth patterns were related to a better survival of these mutants at an alkaline pH and a better ability at using some C-sources such as alanine. The opportunistic colonization of a WWTL by P. aeruginosa can involve several metabolic strategies which appeared lineage specific. Some clones appeared more successful than others at disseminating from a combined sewer toward the overflow of a WWTL.     

Levoglucosan,a tracer for cellulose in biomass burning and atmospheric particles

The major organic components of smoke particles from biomass burning are monosaccharide derivatives from the breakdown of cellulose, accompanied by generally lesser amounts of straight-chain, aliphatic and oxygenated compounds and terpenoids from vegetation waxes, resins/gums, and other biopolymers. Levoglucosan and the related degradation products from cellulose can be utilized as specific and general indicator compounds for the presence of emissions from biomass burning in samples of atmospheric fine particulate matter. This enables the potential tracking of such emissions on a global basis. There are other compounds (e.g. amyrones, friedelin, dehydroabietic acid, and thermal derivatives from terpenoids and from lignin—syringaldehyde, vanillin, syringic acid, vanillic acid), which are additional key indicators in smoke from burning of biomass specific to the type of biomass fuel. The monosaccharide derivatives (e.g. levoglucosan) are proposed as specific indicators for cellulose in biomass burning emissions. Levoglucosan is emitted at such high concentrations that it can be detected at considerable distances from the original combustion source.     

一株降解纤维素梭形芽胞杆菌的筛选与鉴定

从肥沃的土壤中经过分离获得14株降解纤维素的细菌，以菌株在纤维素刚果红平板中溶菌圈直径与菌落直径的比值为依据进行筛选，获得一株比值为4.5的菌株，编号为X62。采用DNS法对影响该菌产生纤维素酶活力的单因素进行了分析，并通过对其进行形态特征、生理生化特征测定以及16S rDNA序列分析，确定X62为梭形芽胞杆菌（Lysinibacillus fusiformis），将其命名为Lysinibacillus fusiformis X62。X62的16S rRNA序列GenBank登录号为JX198550。     

液氨预处理强化复合菌系WSC-6降解稻秆的性能

高效、经济的预处理技术对提高稻秆的生物降解效率，实现稻秆资源的工业化利用具有重要意义。为确定液氨对稻秆生物降解性的影响，以复合菌系WSC-接种液氨预处理的稻秆，研究其生物降解性能。结果表明，用液氨预处理后的稻秆作为碳源，由于营养结构的改变，复合菌系WSC-6需要经过3d的适应期进入对数增长期，氮源利用率和微生物浓度均显著高于未处理的对照组。复合菌系WSC-6对其生物降解性得到明显提高，7d后的稻秆失重率达到62．7％，纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的降解率分别达到57．5％、85．6％和36．3％。液氨预处理对发酵系统的pH值影响不大，复合菌系WSC-对稻秆降解的pH值仍维持在6．5～8．6之间，有利于进行丁酸型发酵，这对后续利用乙酸高效生产沼气具有重要意义。     

Application of Klebsiella oxytoca immobilized cells on the treatment of cyanide wastewater

Klebsiella oxytoca, isolated from cyanide-containing industrial wastewater, has been shown to be able to biodegrade cyanide to non-toxic end products. The technology of immobilized cells can be applied in biological treatment to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of biodegradation. In this study, potassium cyanide was used as the target compound and both alginate and cellulose triacetate techniques were applied for the preparation of immobilized cells. Results from this study show that KCN can be utilized as the sole nitrogen source by K. oxytoca. The free suspension systems reveal that the cell viability was highly affected by initial KCN concentration and pH. Results show that immobilized cell systems could tolerate a higher level of KCN concentration and wider ranges of pH. In the batch experiments, the maximum KCN removal efficiencies using alginate and cellulose triacetate immobilized beads were 0.108 and 0.101mM h(-1) at pH 7, respectively. Results also indicate that immobilized system can support a higher biomass concentration. Complete KCN degradation was observed after the operation of four consecutive degradation experiments with the same batch of immobilized cells. This suggests that the activity of immobilized cells can be maintained and KCN can be used as the nitrogen source throughout KCN degradation experiments. The maximum KCN removal rates using alginate and cellulose triacetate immobilized beads in continuous-column system were 0.224 and 0.192mMh(-1) with initial KCN concentration of 3mM, respectively. Results indicate that the immobilized cells of K. oxytoca would be applicable to the treatment of cyanide-containing wastewaters.     

PLA对土壤微生物生长的影响及PLA的生物降解性

从不同土壤环境中筛选出的4类不同土壤微生物91株,分别标记为细菌、固氮菌、分解纤维素菌和放线菌。然后通过将定量的聚乳酸（PLA）分别加入对应液态培养基中,恒温（30℃）摇床培养,连续测定这4类不同的土壤微生物对PLA的降解性能以及该种聚合物对各种微生物生长的影响。结果表明,虽然在自然界中PLA的降解率比较高,但不同类型的土壤微生物对PLA的降解性能却存在明显个体差异。在测试期内,放线菌对于PLA的总降解率最高;而细菌中RB-4的日降解率最高,达到3%左右;纤维分解菌HX-8及固氮菌RG-28的日降解率能达到2.4%。PLA降解产物对于细菌及纤维分解菌的抑制性普遍较强。     

Single and double metallothionein knockout in the nematode C. elegans reveals cadmium dependent and independent toxic effects on life history traits

The genome of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans contains two metallothionein genes, both involved in metal homeostasis and/or detoxification. Single metallothionein knockout mutants have been created and now, for the first time, a double mutant has been isolated. Life history studies in the presence or absence of cadmium showed that all metallothionein mutants are viable. Although cadmium did not influence longevity, a dose dependent reduction in total brood size and volumetric growth was observed in wild type animals, which was magnified in single knockouts and further exacerbated in the double knockout. However, the metallothionein deletion caused two effects that are independent of cadmium exposure, namely all knockout strains displayed a reduced total brood size and the deletion of both metallothionein loci caused a significant reduction in volumetric growth. In summary, metallothionein is undoubtedly an important player in cadmium detoxification, but evidently also an important factor in cadmium independent pathways.     

Calibration and field application of a solvent-based cellulose membrane passive sampling device for the monitoring of polar herbicides

A passive sampler device selective for hydrophilic analytes was constructed from cellulose membrane (40microm thickness) pre-stained with ruthenium red for 96-168h to impede degradation of the cellulose. The sampling device consisted of pre-stained cellulose membrane tubing containing a binary mixture of the solvents 1-dodecanol and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane as the sequestering medium. A laboratory flow-through system was used to investigate the rates of uptake of herbicides into the solvent mixture of the device and their release. The target herbicides were diuron, atrazine, metolachlor and molinate. Uptake of the herbicides into the solvent mixture of the cellulose membrane device was linear for up to 22 days, and daily sampling rates were determined. Release half-lives from the solvent mixture of the sampling device varied from 14 days for diuron, 15 days for atrazine, 84 days for metolachlor and 28 days for molinate. A field study was undertaken to determine if herbicide concentrations in agricultural drainage water derived from the passive sampler devices deployed for periods from 7 to 22 days, using the laboratory-derived sampling rates, would compare closely with time-weighted average herbicide concentrations determined from extractions of daily composite water samples. The concentrations of diuron, atrazine, metolachlor and molinate determined using the cellulose membrane devices were within twofold of the cumulated mean of the daily drainage water extractions.