选矿技术在城市固体废弃物资源化中的应用

选矿技术作为一种成熟的矿物分离技术已广泛应用于城市固体废弃物资源化领域，促进了环境的保护和资源的综合回收；同时也开辟了选矿技术新的应用领域。结合实例介绍国内外常用的各种城市固体废弃物的分选工艺，指出选矿技术的运用对固体废弃物的资源化有着重要的实际意义。     

固体废弃物的堆肥化处理技术

固体废弃物已成为限制城市发展的重要环境问题.堆肥化处理是固体废弃物资源化利用的一种方式,已逐渐被国内外所重视.本文综述了现有的三种堆肥化系统:条垛式系统、通气静态垛式系统和发酵仓式系统,介绍了三种系统的优缺点.     

固体废弃物的推马化处理技术

固体废弃物已成为限制城市发展的重要环境问题。堆肥化处理是固体废弃物资源化利用的一种方式,已逐渐被国内外所重视。本文综述了现有的三种堆肥化系统,条式系统、通气静态垛式系统和发酵仓式系统,介绍了三种系统的优缺点。     

冶炼厂固体废弃物的资源化利用途径及存在问题的对策分析

分析了中国工业固体废弃物的现状及造成的危害.简单说明了工业固体废弃物资源化利用的重要性.以浙汀省某冶炼厂为例,通过对冶炼厂原料和冶炼后残渣的成分、毒性分析,探索冶炼厂固体废弃物无害化、减量化、资源化处理的途径,并指出存在的问题及解决对策.     

固体废弃物资源化利用评价体系及研究方法

从经济、社会政策和环境影响三个角度,运用层次分析法、模糊决策理论和多目标分析3种评价方法以及矩阵、德尔斐法和混合优序图等数学工具,分别对上海市固体废弃物资源化利用所采用的不同方案进行全面综合评价,不同评价方法的研究结果具有一致性,均表明环境影响是相对最重要的影响因素,固体废弃物双向分离系统的建立是最优化的固体废弃物资源化利用方案,也是今后上海固体废弃物资源化利用研究的重点以及努力发展的方向.     

中国科学院生态环境研究中心鄂尔多斯固体废弃物资源化工程技术研究所

正中国科学院生态环境研究中心鄂尔多斯固体废弃物资源化工程技术研究所(简称固废所)于2012年注册成立,其前身为鄂尔多斯市传祥城市生活垃圾综合处理研究所。固废所由中国科学院生态环境研究中     

中国科学院生态环境研究中心 鄂尔多斯固体废弃物资源化工程技术研究所

正中国科学院生态环境研究中心鄂尔多斯固体废弃物资源化工程技术研究所(简称固废所)于2012年注册成立,其前身为鄂尔多斯市传祥城市生活垃圾综合处理研究所。固废所由中国科学院生态环境研究中心、鄂尔多斯市东胜区人民政府与鄂尔多斯市城市矿产研究开发有限责任公司按照"政-产-学-研"模式共建,主要从事城镇生活垃圾等有机废弃物资源化工程技术的研发与产业化推广。     

中国科学院生态环境研究中心鄂尔多斯固体废弃物资源化工程技术研究所

正中国科学院生态环境研究中心鄂尔多斯固体废弃物资源化工程技术研究所(简称固废所)于2012年注册成立,其前身为鄂尔多斯市传祥城市生活垃圾综合处理研究所。固废所由中国科学院生态环境研究中心、鄂尔多斯市东胜区人民政府与鄂尔多斯市城市矿产研究开发有限责任公司按照"政-产-学-研"模式     

城市固体废物管理源头政策调控系统动力学模型

把城市居民固体废弃物源头调控政策、居民的废弃物分类行为与固体废弃物处置管理系统看成动态演化的反馈系统.在固体废弃物从量收费政策和法规政策影响下,采用系统动力学模型分析居民参与废弃物管理的行为对整个废弃物管理系统的动态影响.用开发的昆明城市同体废弃物系统动力学模型对3种设定的政策情景进行了仿真.结果表明:要实现同体废弃物处置与管理的可持续发展,必须在源头上通过收费和法规等政策促使居民参加到废弃物管理系统中,注重提高资源化和无害化能力的同时,要加强源头减量和回收的力度,减少废弃物的非法处置.     

中国科学院生态环境研究中心固体废弃物资源化研究组

正中国科学院生态环境研究中心固体废弃物资源化研究组面向学科前沿和国家重大需求,致力于开展固体废弃物循环利用和污染治理研究。主要研究方向包括固体废弃物中有价资源的回收、固体废弃物合成环境功能材料、固体废弃物污染控制新理论与新技术等。承担多项国家科研项目,包括国家科技支撑计划重点项目、国家973计划项目、环保部公益项目、国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大     

Optimization for municipal solid waste treatment based on energy consumption and contaminant emission

This paper analyzes the characterization of energy consumption and contaminant emissions from a municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment system that comprises transfer station, landfill site, combustion plant, composting plant, dejecta treatment station, and an integrated MSW treatment plant. The consumed energy and energy medium materials were integrated under comprehensive energy consumption (CEC) for comparison. Among typical MSW disposal methods such as combustion, composting, and landfilling, landfilling has the minimum CEC value. Installing an integrated treatment plant is the recommended MSW management method because of its lower CEC. Furthermore, this method is used to ensure process centralization. In landfill sites, a positive linear correlation was observed between the CEC and contaminant removal ratios when emitted pollutants have a certain weight coefficient. The process should utilize the minimum CEC value of 5.3702 kgce/t MSW and consider energy consumption, energy recovery, MSW components, and the equivalent of carbon dioxide emissions.     

Methane emissions from domestic waste management facilities in Jordan--applicability of IPCC methodology

In this paper, methane emissions from municipal wastewater treatment plants and municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in Jordan for 1994 have been estimated using the methodology developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). For this purpose, the 14 domestic wastewater treatment plants in the country were surveyed. Generation rates and characterization of MSW components as well as dumping and landfilling practices were surveyed in order to estimate 1994 CH4 emissions from these sites. Locally available waste statistics were used in cases where those of the IPCC guidelines were not representative of Jordan's statistics. Methane emissions from domestic wastewater in Jordan were estimated at 4.66 gigagrams (Gg). Total 1994 CH4 emissions from MSW management facilities in Jordan are estimated at 371.76 Gg--351.12 Gg (94.45%) from sanitary landfills, 19.83 Gg (5.33%) from MSW open dumps, and 0.81 Gg (0.22%) from raw sewage-water dumping ponds. Uncertainties associated with these estimations are presented.     

Spectroscopic characterization of water extractable organic matter during composting of municipal solid waste

This paper aims to characterize the evolution of water extractable organic matter (WEOM) during the composting of municipal solid waste (MSW), and investigate the correlation between maturity and WEOM characteristics. WEOM was extracted at different stages of MSW composting (0, 7, 14, 21, and 51 d) and characterized by FTIR, UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results obtained show that the composting process decreased aliphatics, alcohols, polysaccharides, as well as protein-like materials, and increased aromatic polycondensation, humification, oxygen-containing functional groups, molecular weight, and humic-like materials. The maturity of MSW during composting was characterized by the presence of the peak with an excitation/emission wavelength pair of 289/421 nm in excitation-emission matrix spectra.     

The impact of municipal solid waste management on greenhouse gas emissions in the United States

Technological advancements, environmental regulations, and emphasis on resource conservation and recovery have greatly reduced the environmental impacts of municipal solid waste (MSW) management, including emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). This study was conducted using a life-cycle methodology to track changes in GHG emissions during the past 25 years from the management of MSW in the United States. For the baseline year of 1974, MSW management consisted of limited recycling, combustion without energy recovery, and landfilling without gas collection or control. This was compared with data for 1980, 1990, and 1997, accounting for changes in MSW quantity, composition, management practices, and technology. Over time, the United States has moved toward increased recycling, composting, combustion (with energy recovery) and landfilling with gas recovery, control, and utilization. These changes were accounted for with historical data on MSW composition, quantities, management practices, and technological changes. Included in the analysis were the benefits of materials recycling and energy recovery to the extent that these displace virgin raw materials and fossil fuel electricity production, respectively. Carbon sinks associated with MSW management also were addressed. The results indicate that the MSW management actions taken by U.S. communities have significantly reduced potential GHG emissions despite an almost 2-fold increase in waste generation. GHG emissions from MSW management were estimated to be 36 million metric tons carbon equivalents (MMTCE) in 1974 and 8 MMTCE in 1997. If MSW were being managed today as it was in 1974, GHG emissions would be approximately 60 MMTCE.     

Classification and comparison of municipal solid waste based on thermochemical characteristics

Municipal solid waste (MSW) has been normally sorted into six categories, namely, food residue, wood waste, paper, textiles, plastics, and rubber. In each category, materials could be classified further into subgroups. Based on proximate and ultimate analysis and heating value, statistical methods such as analysis of variance (ANOVA) and cluster analysis were applied to analyze the characteristics of MSW in every subgroup and to try to distinguish their relative properties. The chemical characteristics analysis of MSW showed that polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) had the highest volatile matter content, with almost no ash and fixed carbon, while polyethylene terephthalate (PET) had high carbon content but low hydrogen content. Bones and vegetables had the highest ash content, while nutshells and rubber had the highest fixed carbon content. Paper and starch food had the highest oxygen content, and wool and bones had the highest nitrogen and sulfur content. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) had the highest chlorine content at about 55%. PE, PP, and PS had the highest heating value, followed by chemical products such as rubber and chemical fiber. Conversely, paper, vegetables and bones had the lowest heating value. The results of cluster analysis of MSW components showed that fruit peel, weeds, wood, bamboo, leaves and nutshells could be classified as the lignocellulose category; starch food, cotton, toilet paper, printing paper and cardboard could be classified as the glucose monomer category; wood and chemical fiber could be classified as the high nitrogen and sulfur category; and PE, PP, and PS could be cluster as the polyolefin category.

Implications: The yield of municipal solid waste (MSW) is constantly increasing and waste to energy (WTE) has been used extensively all over the world. During the processes of incineration, pyrolysis, or gasification, the impact of physical and chemical properties of MSW is of great significance. However, the traditional classification of MSW is too general to provide more detailed information in many investigations. It is necessary to perform the investigation of characteristics of combustible MSW to distinguish different categories of MSW and find out their subclassification.     

Methane Emissions from Domestic Waste Management Facilities in Jordan—Applicability of IPCC Methodology

ABSTRACT

In this paper, methane emissions from municipal wastewater treatment plants and municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in Jordan for 1994 have been estimated using the methodology developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). For this purpose, the 14 domestic wastewater treatment plants in the country were surveyed. Generation rates and characterization of MSW components as well as dumping and landfilling practices were surveyed in order to estimate 1994 CH₄ emissions from these sites. Locally available waste statistics were used in cases where those of the IPCC guidelines were not representative of Jordan's statistics.

Methane emissions from domestic wastewater in Jordan were estimated at 4.66 gigagrams (Gg). Total 1994 CH₄ emissions from MSW management facilities in Jordan are estimated at 371.76 Gg—351.12 Gg (94.45%) from sanitary landfills, 19.83 Gg (5.33%) from MSW open dumps, and 0.81 Gg (0.22%) from raw sewage-water dumping ponds. Uncertainties associated with these estimations are presented.     

生活垃圾焚烧烟气排放中二噁英对人体健康的风险评价

随着垃圾焚烧的广泛应用，由此产生的二次污染问题也日益显现出来，特别是二嗯英污染已引起世界的关注。这也是垃圾焚烧设施在环评阶段遭到周围公众反对的原因之一。文中介绍了二嗯英的危害、垃圾焚烧烟气中的二嗯英来源以及二嗯英的相关标准。以某垃圾焚烧发电厂为例，对垃圾焚烧烟气中的二嗯英类物质对人体健康的风险进行了评价，并提出了如何最大限度地减少垃圾焚烧处理过程中的二唔英排放量。     

控制城市垃圾焚烧二噁（口英）产生与扩散方法

控制垃圾焚烧二产生与扩散分三部分首先,通过预处理除去原生垃圾中的聚氯乙烯塑料,从源头上控制垃圾焚烧二哄产生的物质基础;其次,垃圾焚烧炉采用组合式循环流化床锅炉,实行垃圾先低温热解气化,然后高温燃烧垃圾热解气体的方式,同时在炉内加入添加剂实现稳定燃烧和部分脱氯,以减少二哄在炉内生成和炉后形成量;最后,在烟气尾部采用吸附剂吸附二哄,并与布袋除尘器配套使用,控制二哄的尾部扩散.该工艺具有成本低、控污效率高等优点,特别适用于发展中国家的垃圾焚烧二哄控制.     

The role of bio-mechanical treatments of waste in the dioxin emission inventories

PCDD/Fs are one of the most studied molecules in the world because of their toxicity. In the last years the toxicity of these compounds has been analyzed in details. For years PCDD/F inventories have pointed out the significant role of municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators in the overall balance. Recently, thanks to new regulations on PCDD/F emissions, in a few countries this scenario is changing: it can be demonstrated that modern MSW incinerators can play a secondary role even if the percentage of MSW sent to combustion has increased. In the latest inventories an unconventional source of PCDD/F has appeared: in nineties some biogas characterizations have demonstrated that there is a release of PCDD/F from MSW sanitary landfills. In addition, the combustion of collected biogas can generate not negligible amounts of PCDD/F. A new question can be put: does the MSW contribute with other management options to the overall balance of PCDD/F? The present work points out that a detailed inventory should take into account also the PCDD/F release from bio-mechanical treatment plants (both composting and bio-drying/bio-stabilization plants). However the contribution from this option is secondary when it is compared with the one from old MSW incinerators.     

城市垃圾预处理改善焚烧特性的探讨

针对目前我国城市垃圾的高水分、低热值的特性,提出了2种改善城市垃圾焚烧特性的有效措施:生物质垃圾源分类和生物干燥.在我国建立生物质垃圾源分类体系,将生物质垃圾源头分类后,剩余垃圾的热值可以提高约50%～120%,已适合直接入炉焚烧,同时分离出来的生物质垃圾也更易于好氧堆肥或厌氧消化.另外一项技术措施是在焚烧前利用生物干燥技术,降低城市垃圾的水分含量,提高入炉垃圾的热值,这种方法主要是利用生物反应热来干燥城市生活垃圾,只需要在垃圾投入焚烧炉前增加一个预处理步骤,不必改变目前的垃圾收运体系,而且进行生物干燥后的垃圾更易于分选其中的可回收物质.