灰色综合评判在企业环境经济效益评价中的应用

企业环境经济效益评价属于灰色系统问题。本文采用灰色综合评判方法，对某市１５个乡镇造纸企业的环境经济效益作出了综合评价，从而为有关部门的决策提供了科学依据。     

应用多属性决策分析法筛选污染场地土壤修复技术

通过层次分析法计算修复技术评价指标的权重,然后分别采用逼近理想解和灰色综合评价2种模型得到备选修复技术排序。基于该决策方法,开发了修复技术筛选决策支持系统,将该系统应用于某有机污染场地土壤修复技术的筛选。研究结果显示,结合层次分析方法的逼近理想解法和灰色评价均可实现对该场地的备选修复技术较好的排序,排序的结果一致且与场地实际应用情况相符:化学氧化土壤冲洗固化/稳定化。逼近理想解法实现简单,但对评分指标的要求比较严格,且需要借助模型的敏感性分析来加以验证,适合于备选修复技术评价结果先汇总后排序。灰色评价法引入了灰色理论用于处理数据的不确定性,适合于评价小组评价者各自评分然后在灰色评价模型中综合。将层次分析法与逼近理想解模型、灰色综合评价模型结合,应用于污染场地修复技术的筛选,既可以减少层次分析法的主观性,又可以削弱逼近理想解模型和灰色综合评价模型在应用过程中对权重的忽视。本研究为选择可行、经济、高效、环境友好的污染场地土壤修复技术提供方法依据和理论参考。     

基于灰色层次分析法的渗滤液浓缩液回灌填埋体评价

为科学合理地选择渗滤液浓缩液回灌的最优填埋体,采用灰色层次分析法对回灌填埋体进行了综合评价。首先构建灰色层次分析法的层次结构模型及评价指标,并根据层次分析法计算各评价指标权重,然后基于灰色关联理论建立评价指标关联系数矩阵,最后根据各评价指标权重及其关联系数矩阵建立综合评价矩阵。采用建立的综合评价方法对垃圾年份分别为1 a、5 a和15 a的回灌填埋体进行了综合评价。结果表明,垃圾年份为15 a的回灌填埋体与理想方案的关联度最大,为最优的回灌填埋体,其次为5 a、1 a。     

灰色关联分析在建设项目环境影响评价中的应用

应用灰色系统理论中的重要内容之一——灰色关联分析方法将黑龙江省兴隆生猪屠宰分割综合加工厂新建项目可能对环境造成影响的因子进行环境影响综合评价。研究结果表明，该项目的建设使环境质量恶化了3．14％，但仍在环境标准允许范围之内。该方法原理简单，计算简便，结果可靠，是一种很有实用价值的环境影响评价方法。     

模糊决策与大气环境质量评价

应用模糊决策方法进行大气环境质量评价,通过实例验证及与灰色聚类,模糊综合评判法相比较,表明这种方法简单明确,对处理复杂问题有独到之处,可作为模糊综合评判法的一种补充方法。     

灰色聚类法在地面水质综合评价中的应用

应用灰色聚类法对１９９５年南通市濠河水质进行单因子污染等级评价，评价结果表明灰色聚类法用于地面水质综合评价具有计算简便，能客观反映水质的污染状况，是一种较好的评价方法。     

灰色多层次综合评判模型在废水治理工程综合评价中的应用

提出了废水治理工程综合评价的灰色多层次综合评判模型，并以某省七家小造纸厂黑液治理工程为例，进行了排序计算，结果证明了该评价方法具有客观性和实用性。     

灰色聚类关联分析法及其在大气环境质量评价中的应用

本文结合灰色聚类法和灰色关联法，首次提出了灰色聚类关联分析的新方法，并用于大气环境质量的综合评价之中，经实例分析表明，评价结果非常客观、合理。     

用灰色系统理论对大同市大气降水pH值进行预测分析

部分信息明确、部分信息不明确的系统称为灰色系统。环境质量受多个因素的影响,有的因素通过监测可以掌握其影响程度,有的因素难以测量和了解,有的因素还未被人们所认识,因而环境系统可以作为灰色系统来研究。在灰色GM模型中,各种因子的综合作用能够定量化。所以,对系统行为特征量的分析研究,就能从宏观上、本质上把握系统的发展规律。灰色预测把观测到的数据序列视为一个随时间变化的灰色量或灰色过程,通过累加生成和相减生成逐步使灰色量白化,从而建立相应于微分方程解的模型,并作出预报。 本文即利用灰色模型理论,对大同市大气降水pH值进行分析和预测。     

灰色聚类在大气环境质量评价中的应用

本文试图用灰色系统理论中的灰色聚类方法,对桂林市1985年的大气环境质量进行评价,并将该方法和模糊数学方法进行比较。结果表明:灰色聚类法既继承了模糊数学法的优点,又补充了其不完善之处。用灰色聚类法来评价大气环境质量,较为科学并较接近客观实际。灰色聚类可作为一种新的评价方法。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

活性炭三维电极法对印染废水的处理研究

对三维电极方法处理印染废水进行了实验研究,初步探讨了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的机理,对影响处理效果的各种要素,如反应时间、槽电压和pH值等进行了条件实验,得出了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的最佳运行条件为:停留时间120-180 min,槽电压25～30 V,进水pH值6.5～7.5。结果表明,该反应器能有效地降低废水色度,有较高的COD去除效率,并能提高印染废水的可生化性。     

红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响

研究了遵义红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响 ,从砷酸根浓度和体系pH对红土动电电位影响的角度作了探讨 ,结果表明 ,砷酸根离子浓度越大 ,Zata电位下降幅度越大 ,Zata电位也越低 ;随着体系pH的升高 ,氧化铁胶体动电电位逐渐下降 ,甚至改变了表面电位的符号。由此得出了红土吸附砷属于专性吸附的结论。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Visualisation of the complexity of EUSES

The interdependencies of parameters applied in the models of EUSES are visualised in a directed connectivity graph. The parameters (inputs, defaults, state variables, outputs) are represented by boxes (nodes) and their relations by lines (edges). The visualisation, on the one hand, clarifies the complexity of the models in EUSES and, on the other hand, creates an overview and transparency. The parameters’ relations to each other can be recognised faster, and the models can be better understood. The complexity was quantified by the number (variety), kind (substance parameter, physico-chemical parameter, concentration, other parameters), and depth (dimension) of the parameter and the number of relations (connectivity). The variety of EUSES (without the modelsSimple Treat andSimple Box whose interior structure is not documented and without the effect and risk characterisation) amounts to 466, the connectivity to 961, and the maximal dimension is 21.