底泥营养盐的释磷对富营养化湖泊的影响

富营养化是中国湖泊的重大环境问题。当湖泊的污染外源受到控制以后，由于沉积物（底泥）中营养盐内负荷的存在和释放，湖泊仍然可以发生富营养化。底泥营养盐就成为湖泊富营养化的主导因子，特别是溶解态的磷会逐步释放，成为水体富营养化的主导因子。沉积物中磷的循环在一定程度上决定着富营养化的进程，对水体磷含量有深刻的影响。结合国内外研究动态，对底泥磷形态、磷释放与水体水质的关系作了概述，并对底泥磷释放的研究方向以及控制湖泊富营养化发表了一些见解。     

湖泊底泥磷释放及磷形态变化

为研究底泥中内源性磷释放对城市景观水体富营养化的影响,以西安市曲江南湖为对象,采用底泥磷形态标准测试方法(SMT)分析了磷的赋存形态,通过模拟实验探究了在不同环境条件(温度、pH和溶解氧)下磷形态变化的特征。结果表明:温度升高促进内源磷的释放,在夏季加剧水体富营养化程度;碱性条件有利于磷的释放,增大补给水源可减少底泥释磷量;厌氧环境下底泥释磷量是好氧时的3.96倍;Al-P和Ca-P较稳定,在酸性条件下会加速其溶解;NH+4-P、Fe-P和OrgP受溶解氧、pH和温度影响较大,其吸附与释放能力有明显的差异。     

底泥污染物释放动力学研究

采用模拟试验方式和新型微生物数量测定方法，研究了沼泽化湖泊底泥和受污染河流底泥在不同扰动状态下，底泥耗氧速率、氮和磷污染物释放动力学过程。结果表明：（1）底泥耗氧速率是同样条件下上覆水耗氧速率的48倍，而在扰动状态下，底泥氧速率达到上覆水耗氧速率的596－936倍，扰动底泥显著增大其耗氧速率，底泥污染越严重，其耗氧速率越大，对水体产生的影响也越大。（2）扰动底泥可以显著增大底泥的氮磷释放速率，氮的释放受到机氮的氨化、氨氮的硝化、硝酸盐氮的反硝化以及氨氮被微生物吸收转化为有机氮等的影响；磷的释放过程受厌氧过程和底泥颗粒吸附的影响，耗氧速率高的底泥具有更大的氨磷释放潜力。（3）微生物数量在底泥污染物释放动力学中起着关键性作用，亲型方法可以快速检测微生物总量。试验结果对于水环境的管理、受污染水体的修复，以及底泥的处理处置等都具有重要的指导意义。     

底泥污染物释放动力学研究

采用模拟试验方式和新型微生物数量测定方法 ,研究了沼泽化湖泊底泥和受污染河流底泥在不同扰动状态下 ,底泥耗氧速率、氮和磷污染物释放动力学过程。结果表明 :( 1)底泥耗氧速率是同样条件下上覆水耗氧速率的 48倍 ,而在扰动状态下 ,底泥耗氧速率达到上覆水耗氧速率的 5 96— 93 6倍 ,扰动底泥显著增大其耗氧速率 ,底泥污染越严重 ,其耗氧速率越大 ,对水体产生的影响也越大。 ( 2 )扰动底泥可以显著增大底泥的氮磷释放速率 ,氮的释放受有机氮的氨化、氨氮的硝化、硝酸盐氮的反硝化以及氨氮被微生物吸收转化为有机氮等的影响 ;磷的释放过程受厌氧过程和底泥颗粒吸附的影响 ,耗氧速率高的底泥具有更大的氮磷释放潜力。 ( 3 )微生物数量在底泥污染物释放动力学中起着关键性作用 ,新型方法可以快速检测微生物总量。试验结果对于水环境的管理、受污染水体的修复 ,以及底泥的处理处置等都具有重要的指导意义     

环境因素对长寿湖底泥释磷影响的模拟实验研究

肥水养殖显著增加了长寿湖底泥中的磷含量。为了解肥水养殖积累在湖泊底泥中磷的释放情况,以长寿湖大坝口枯水期底泥为实验材料,模拟研究了不同环境条件(上覆水pH、温度、DO含量和扰动)下湖泊底泥的释磷特征。结果表明,在弱碱性条件下,底泥释磷量随上覆水pH的升高而升高;温度升高有利于底泥磷的释放,温度每升高5℃,第21天时底泥释磷量增大0.0045～0.0074 mg/L;DO含量降低有利于底泥中铁/铝结合态磷的释放;扰动对底泥磷的释放没有明显影响。研究表明,网箱养殖增加了底泥中的有机磷含量,促进有机磷向无机磷转化,增大了底泥中磷的释放风险。     

曝气对黑臭河道污染物释放的影响

利用黑臭河道模拟装置,对比研究了在静置和人工曝气2种方式下底泥污染释放特征及对上覆水水质的影响。结果表明,与静置释放相比,人工曝气促使实验前期底泥污染物快速释放,使得上覆水体中的各项污染物指标上升;随着水体中DO浓度的增加,硝化细菌、嗜磷菌等好氧细菌的活性增强,水体中的COD、氨氮、TN和TP得到降解或转化,浓度快速下降。实验期内,人工曝气底泥中TN、TP的平均释放速率分别为:-0.11 g/(m2·d)和-0.02 g/(m2·d),并且TP由最初的0.96 mg/L降到最终的0.48 mg/L,去除率达到50.00%。人工曝气在前期对水体中各污染指标有升高的影响,但增加了水体中的DO浓度,可以有效地抑制底泥中氮和磷的释放,对水体有机污染物、TN及TP有一定的削减作用,因此,该技术适合黑臭河道的水体修复。     

风浪扰动对太湖梅梁湾水体总磷变化的驱动模式研究

风浪扰动下的底泥再悬浮是浅水湖泊水体底泥内源性磷向水体释放的关键驱动因子。水体总磷(TP)受底泥内源磷释放过程影响频繁波动。基于风浪扰动强度与底泥悬浮物(SS)浓度定量关系模型，采用太湖原位未扰动柱状底泥开展水体底泥再悬浮过程模拟研究，分别模拟在小风(搅拌强度100～125 r/min)、大风(搅拌强度200～220 r/min)模式下底泥内源释放过程，探究风浪扰动对太湖梅梁湾水域TP浓度波动的贡献。结果表明，风浪扰动显著增加(P<0.01)了水体SS,小风与大风下水体SS均值分别增加了80.9%与360.8%,但随着扰动周期的延长，风浪扰动的效果会削弱。不同风浪扰动强度下水体TP均呈先上升后下降趋势。小风下水体TP为0.08～0.20 mg/L;大风下水体TP为0.09～0.34 mg/L。与对照组相比，小风组水体TP浓度呈现显著下降的趋势(P<0.05),而大风组水体TP浓度则表现为显著上升的趋势(P<0.01)。此外，大风持续扰动增加了水体TP浓度，但效果不显著(P>0.05)。风浪扰动致使0～3 cm底泥内的TP含量有所提高，底泥表面氧化还原条件的改变是...     

红枫湖底泥磷负荷释放

为了研究高原湖泊底泥沉积物中磷的释放负荷,对贵州红枫湖区10个地区的沉积物进行了磷形态分析。选取10个采样点中5个典型区域,研究结果表明,底泥中各形态磷占总磷比例Org-P为58.6%,NaOH-P为29.91%,Ca-P为11.48%,底泥中主要的磷形态为有机磷。上覆水溶解性总磷酸盐(TSP)与底泥中各形态磷的相关性研究表明,底泥中的Ca-P与上覆水中的TSP几乎没有相关性,NaOH-P与Org-P与上覆水的TSP有较高的相关性(R2>0.94),而底泥中的总磷(TP)与上覆水中的TSP相关性最高(R2>0.98),底泥中这种形态的结构有利于抑制底泥的释放。研究表明,在10点位样品中,间隙水中TP和SRP(溶解性正磷酸)浓度远大于上覆水体中相应磷形态的浓度,间隙水中TP平均浓度为0.37 mg/L,SRP平均浓度为0.18 mg/L,上覆水体中TP平均浓度为0.10 mg/L,SRP平均浓度为0.02 mg/L,间隙水中TP、SRP与上覆水中TP、SRP存在了一种浓度梯度。     

西苕溪流域沉积物及土壤对磷吸附/解吸特性研究

以赋石水库和其上游河道沉积物以及流域内代表性水稻土为对象,通过分析其理化性质,改变上覆水磷浓度和pH的方法探讨沉积物和土壤对磷吸附/解吸的影响。结果表明:(1)沉积物内较高的磷含量,导致吸附/解吸平衡浓度较高,因此在水库和水体中起着磷"源"的作用;(2)土壤最大磷吸附量为566.45mg/kg,远大于沉积物的吸附量,同时吸附/解吸平衡浓度较低,因此在治理湖泊富营养化时,要加大水土保持的力度,尽量减少作为最主要污染源的农田土壤磷素流入水体;(3)无论上覆水中磷浓度升高还是降低,在未达到吸附/解吸平衡浓度前,土壤和沉积物会持续释放磷,故应把水体治理的重点放在降低土壤和沉积物的磷含量上;(4)上覆水的pH对样品的磷吸附和释放都有显著的影响。在酸性(pH3)或碱性(pH9)环境下,样品的磷吸附量均急剧下降,而水体酸化更易导致平衡后上覆水磷浓度的降低。     

暴雨径流对分层水库水质的影响

为探明西安金盆水库热分层演变特征和降雨径流对水库水质的影响,对水库垂向不同点位的水温、溶解氧、浊度、p H、总磷、总氮、氨氮、总有机碳等水质指标进行了持续监测和分析,结果表明:RWCS/H指数能有效判断热分层稳定水平,稳定分层期RWCS/H指数在1.56~6.99 m-1之间;RWCS/H指数与TP、厌氧层厚度显著相关,温跃层的变化特征对厌氧层变化起支配作用,分层期水库底部厌氧条件致使沉积物中营养盐大量释放,其中滞水层TP最高达0.062 mg·L-1;汛期暴雨径流一方面破坏水体热分层稳定性,另一方面携带大量颗粒态污染物以间层流的形式潜入水库中下层水体,使污染负荷提高,TP、TN、NH+4-N、TOC浓度分别达到0.052、1.589、0.42和3.784 mg·L-1;随暴雨径流潜入带来的大量颗粒态污染物和下层水温、p H上升导致沉积物厌氧释放加剧,雨后下层水体TP、TN、NH+4-N、TOC浓度分别达0.022、1.474、0.595和4.559 mg·L-1,显著高于上层水体。分层期内源释放是加快金盆水库富营养化过程的关键因素,汛期暴雨径流引发的水库水环境系统改变使得水质突发性污染风险加大。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%（质量百分比）.反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

产油微藻培养与回收的关键技术研究进展

寻找廉价而高效的替代原料是实现生物柴油产业化的关键所在.微藻以含油量高、生长周期短、环境适应能力强、生物产量高等优点,有望成为一种极具潜力的生物柴油生产原料.然而,目前尚存在微藻培养低效成本高和微藻回收效率低两大难题.综述了微藻培养与回收过程中的关键技术,并对存在的两大难题及其改进技术进行了详细的探讨.最后,总结并展望了微藻培养、回收技术未来的发展趋势.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染