膜生物反应器中小球藻生物膜生长与代谢的光调控特性

为改善微藻细胞固定化培养过程中的光传递与气体传质性能,设计一种具有气液分离特性的膜式光生物反应器系统,并开展光照强度影响下小球藻细胞生物膜成膜及代谢特性研究。通过检测反应器中小球藻生物膜细胞的生物量、细胞组成、叶绿素以及油脂组分,分析光照条件对小球藻生物膜的形成、生长及油脂合成等调控特性。研究发现:高光强胁迫正调控胞内油脂积累,在光照强度为230μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)条件下小球藻生物量产率和油脂产率最高,分别为5.50 g·(m~2·d)~(-1)和1.71 g·(m~2·d)~(-1);细胞内叶绿素a和b及淀粉含量随光照强度增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,但类胡萝卜素和蛋白质的含量变化较小;在小球藻的油脂组成中,在光照强度为46μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)时,得到最大的C16~C18碳链脂肪酸含量及不饱和脂肪酸含量,而除C16~C18碳链脂肪酸外的其他脂肪酸组分则随光照强度的增加逐渐增加。     

沼液培养小球藻生产油脂的研究

为了节约微藻生物柴油的生产成本,用沼液作为小球藻生长的培养基,可以得到微藻油脂,还可以净化沼液,从而起到了防治环境污染的作用。研究小球藻在不同浓度沼液(25%、50%、75%和100%沼液浓度)中生长和油脂积累情况,结果表明小球藻在各低浓度沼液(25%、50%沼液浓度)中能很好地生长,延滞期较短,而在高浓度沼液(75%、100%沼液浓度)中,延滞期较长,并且50%浓度沼液培养的小球藻总油脂含量最高。因此选取50%浓度沼液作为小球藻的基本培养基,研究了在50%浓度沼液中,小球藻在不同接种量、光照强度、光暗周期、初始pH条件下的生长和油脂积累情况。得出最适小球藻生长和油脂积累的条件是接种OD值1.023左右、光强4 000 lx、光暗周期20∶4、初始pH值为7.0。     

环境因子对汾河水上公园再生水中藻类生长的影响

实验根据太原市气候状况选取了不同温度和光照梯度条件，根据实验水质特征选取了不同的氮磷浓度值，研究了温度、光照、氮磷营养盐等环境因子对再生水回用于景观用水产生的主要藻类小球藻形成水华的影响效果。结果表明，温度升高、光照强度增加和光照时间延长可促进小球藻的生长繁殖；氮磷比对小球藻的生长影响较大，其中，小球藻在氮磷比为10：1-30：1时生长繁盛，氮磷比为44：1时生长受到抑制，即磷作为限制性营养盐，可抑制水华的发生；pH和溶解氧的变化趋势与藻细胞数的变化趋势一致，可作为水体发生水华的快速监测指标。     

小球藻生长及其净化猪场废水条件的优化

为提高小球藻净化猪场废水的效果,在户外条件下系统比较了预处理方式、管道光反应器的种类和光径对蛋白核小球藻生长及其对猪场废水净化效果的影响。结果表明,猪场原废水COD、NH_4~+、PO_4~(3-)、TN、TP含量分别为710、491、54、590和108 mg·L~(-1)时,蛋白核小球藻对经过3级过滤预处理后的猪场废水净化效果最好,其中脱色率及NH_4~+去除率分别高达88.56%和83.48%,显著高于对原废水的处理效果(P0.05)。在夏季户外条件下,用平铺管道反应器对蛋白核小球藻进行放大培养,发现小球藻能耐受夏季户外高温,生长良好,最终藻粉产量达到0.13 g·L~(-1)。采用直径为5 cm的立式光生物反应器培养蛋白核小球藻,通过循环采收,藻粉产量可达到0.93 g·L~(-1),其蛋白质含量最高达到58.9%,汞、砷、镉、铅含量分别小于0.1、1.0、0.5和4.0 mg·kg~(-1),符合《饲料用小球藻粉》(DB32/T 564-2010)标准。采收小球藻后的出水中,NH_4~+、PO_4~(3-)、色度的去除率均高达90%以上,基本达到国家排放要求。该研究结果可为制定猪场废水的净化及蛋白核小球藻的工业化生产方案提供参考。     

纯二氧化碳条件下小球藻固定CO2

微藻固碳已经成为消减温室气体排放的新的研究热点。利用静态吸收方法，考查了通人纯CO2对普通小球藻生长特点、固定CO2效率以及藻液pH值变异的影响。结果表明：通入纯CO2使小球藻生长延滞期显著延长，比普通培养延长10～12d，对其他生长阶段的影响不大；小球藻固定CO2速率可分为2个过程，即物理固碳过程和生物固碳过程，前者在藻细胞延滞期发生，峰值由CO。溶解于培养液造成，后者在藻细胞生长的指数期、稳定期和衰退期发生，峰值由藻细胞指数生长造成，2个过程中，固定CO2速率的变化趋势都是先增大后降低；纯CO2条件下，藻液pH值变化速率高，4d内，藻液即被酸化，随后藻液pH值变化速率逐渐降低，且pH值稳定在适宜水平。因此，采用小球藻固定高浓度CO2时，建议提高接种量并加强培养前期的pH值监测和调控，以保证藻液保持适宜的pH值，并缩短培养时间，提高生物固碳效率。     

水华束丝藻与铜绿微囊藻净化水体氮磷及其脂质积累过程比较

选取水华束丝藻与铜绿微囊藻作为典型水华蓝藻,探索水华蓝藻净化水体及合成生物柴油的潜力.采用氮磷浓度为NH4-N 7.5 mg/L,PO43--P 1.0 mg/L的模拟污水,重点考察了在光照强度与温度不同的条件下2种微藻对氮磷的去除率,并利用尼罗红荧光染色法测定了微藻中的中性脂含量.结果表明,2种藻对PO43--P的去除率均较高,最高达到98％,对NH4+-N的去除率稍低,最高为52％.水华束丝藻及铜绿微囊藻均具有较强积累中性脂的能力,适宜的温度与光照条件有利于微藻对氮磷的去除及细胞中脂类的积累.2种藻均在光照强度为12 000 lx时中性脂含量更高.水华束丝藻在温度为18 ～22℃条件下,生长更优,氮磷净化效果较好,中性脂积累能力更强.而铜绿微囊藻在温度为22～ 26℃时表现更好.     

污泥提取液与普通小球藻相互影响的特性

本研究将普通小球藻低成本培养与污泥提取液处理相结合,探讨使用污泥提取液与BG11混合培养普通小球藻,以实现养藻成本的降低与污泥资源化利用的目的。通过测定小球藻细胞密度、叶绿素a、中性油脂等生长特性以及污泥提取液中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、总有机碳(TOC)和毒性等降解指标的变化,来验证污泥提取液与普通小球藻生长的相互影响。结果表明,污泥提取液占总培养基(提取液与BG11)体积的20%(v/v)时,普通小球藻细胞密度最大,细胞中中性油脂积累较好,但不利于藻细胞叶绿素a的合成;普通小球藻对污泥提取液中的TN、TP、总有机碳(TOC)、毒性等都有显著的去除效能,在污泥提取液含量为20%、培养240 h时,TN、TP、毒性的去除率分别为89.91%、92.31%和63.08%。     

二氧化氯杀灭小球藻

实验研究了二氧化氯投加量、小球藻的初始浓度、pH、有机物和氨氮含量对ClO2杀灭来自于水库水的小球藻的影响,考察了ClO2氧化与混凝工艺结合时去除小球藻的效果并对工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,ClO2在投加量1.1 mg/L下,接触10 min,小球藻的杀灭率为71.93%。小球藻的杀灭率随着ClO2投加量的增大和藻初始浓度的升高而提高,随水中有机物含量的增加而显著降低,氨氮含量对小球藻杀灭的效果影响很小。在酸性条件和碱性条件下,小球藻的杀灭率均随pH升高而急剧下降,而在中性至弱碱性区间内,藻的杀灭率随pH升高而缓慢下降。对于某以小球藻为优势藻的供水水库源水,ClO2氧化与混凝工艺结合,藻的去除率高达98.47%。除藻的最佳工艺条件为:二氧化氯投加量为0.5 mg/L,聚合氯化铝为5 mg/L,二氧化氯与混凝剂同时投加。     

二氧化氯杀灭小球藻

实验研究了二氧化氯投加量、小球藻的初始浓度、pH、有机物和氨氮含量对ClO2杀灭来自于水库水的小球藻的影响,考察了ClO2氧化与混凝工艺结合时去除小球藻的效果并对工艺条件进行优化。结果表明,ClO2在投加量1.1 mg/L下,接触10 min,小球藻的杀灭率为71.93%。小球藻的杀灭率随着ClO2投加量的增大和藻初始浓度的升高而提高,随水中有机物含量的增加而显著降低,氨氮含量对小球藻杀灭的效果影响很小。在酸性条件和碱性条件下,小球藻的杀灭率均随pH升高而急剧下降,而在中性至弱碱性区间内,藻的杀灭率随pH升高而缓慢下降。对于某以小球藻为优势藻的供水水库源水,ClO2氧化与混凝工艺结合,藻的去除率高达98.47%。除藻的最佳工艺条件为：二氧化氯投加量为0.5 mg/L,聚合氯化铝为5 mg/L,二氧化氯与混凝剂同时投加。     

4种固定化藻类对污水中氮的净化能力研究

取培养至对数末期的藻，采用海藻酸钙凝胶包埋固定，对人工污水进行静态模拟净化试验，研究了蛋白核小球藻、鱼腥藻、双对栅藻和突变衣藻4种藻在固定和悬浮状态下，对污水中的氨氮和硝酸氮的净化效率以及藻类的生长特性。结果表明：固定化藻细胞比悬浮态藻细胞具有生长更趋于稳定、藻类的活性保持时间更长的优势。4种藻类中，小球藻和鱼腥藻在污水中的生长状况更好，较适宜采用海藻酸钙凝胶包埋固定化技术。实验第5 d时，固定化小球藻、鱼腥藻、双对栅藻和衣藻对NH₃-N去除率分别为91.9%、84.8%、68.3%和51.2%；对NO^-₃-N的去除率分别为85.1%、100%、96.9%和65.9%。固定化小球藻对NH₃-N的去除效果最好，而固定化鱼腥藻对NO^-₃-N的去除效果最好。因此，小球藻和鱼腥藻更适用于去除污水中的氮，具有很好的应用前景。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

产油微藻培养与回收的关键技术研究进展

寻找廉价而高效的替代原料是实现生物柴油产业化的关键所在.微藻以含油量高、生长周期短、环境适应能力强、生物产量高等优点,有望成为一种极具潜力的生物柴油生产原料.然而,目前尚存在微藻培养低效成本高和微藻回收效率低两大难题.综述了微藻培养与回收过程中的关键技术,并对存在的两大难题及其改进技术进行了详细的探讨.最后,总结并展望了微藻培养、回收技术未来的发展趋势.     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%（质量百分比）.反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.