热水解超声组合预处理对污泥厌氧消化产气潜力的影响研究

针对城市污泥厌氧消化由于融胞困难所导致的消解速率低、产气量低等问题,采用热水解与超声组合的方法对污泥进行预处理,考察经预处理后污泥融胞效率的变化及对厌氧消化产气潜力的影响.结果显示,热水解与超声波组合工艺对污泥的破胞作用明显,在30 min热水解与0.53 W/mL超声声能密度组合工艺反应60 min条件下,相对于处理前污泥,预处理后污泥溶解性COD(SCOD)溶出率可提高41.6％,蛋白质增加值达282.7 mg/L,污泥厌氧消化的产气潜力显著增加；30 min热水解分别与0.53、0.33 W/mL超声声能密度组合工艺对污泥破胞效率的差异不大；随着超声时间的延长,在组合预处理工艺前20 min内SCOD的溶出速率较慢,20260 min时溶出速率逐渐提高.试验结果可为城市污泥厌氧消化预处理工艺的选择提供一定的理论依据.     

污泥预处理强化厌氧水解与产甲烷实验研究

污泥传统厌氧消化因水解瓶颈而导致有机物转化甲烷产率低下.选择适当工况对污泥实施预处理可同时实现对污泥中木质纤维素破稳和污泥微生物细胞破壁,从而释放出较多溶解性COD(SCOD),使有机物水解变得容易进行,最终导致甲烷产率大幅提高.本研究通过热水解(T=150℃,t=30 min)、超声波(P =500 W,t=2 h)、碱解(pH =13,t=2h)和酸解(pH =2,t=2 h)等4种预处理方式对原污泥实施最优工况预处理,分别获得了50.9％、39.1％、31.0％和22.4％的COD溶出率.对预处理后污泥进行传统条件下(SRT =20 d)厌氧消化,分别获得了53.6％、40％、26.8％和24％的甲烷产率(mL/g VSS)增量.同时,预处理后污泥中木质纤维素类物质降解率亦大大增加.缩短SRT(10 d)会导致传统厌氧消化甲烷产率急剧减少,但是,污泥预处理却非常有利于甲烷产率的提高,因此可通过外在预处理方式来逾越内在厌氧水解的瓶颈.     

超声与次氯酸钠耦合预处理剩余污泥的中温厌氧消化效果

以某城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为对象,通过实验研究了超声与次氯酸钠预处理对污泥的溶胞效果,以及对后续厌氧消化的影响。结果表明,超声与次氯酸钠耦合作用最优操作条件为超声声能密度1.0 W/mL,作用时间50 min。在此条件下,次氯酸钠投加量为4.023 mg/g SS时,对污泥厌氧消化改善效果最明显,剩余污泥产气率及甲烷含量较对照组分别提高了69.73%和10%。同时污泥VSS去除率由11.11%提高到21.24%,在一定程度上实现了污泥减量。     

微好氧预处理对市政污泥厌氧消化产甲烷的影响

针对目前市政污泥处理资源化与减量化效率低的问题,利用微好氧预处理技术进行预处理,提高其甲烷产量。利用有机物溶出效率、VSS减量、甲烷产量3项指标对预处理效果进行了评价;研究了不同参数条件下微好氧预处理对市政污泥厌氧消化产甲烷的影响;探讨了微好氧预处理对污泥胞外聚合物的影响。结果表明,微好氧预处理可以促进污泥溶解性有机物释放、提高VSS去除率;在最佳反应条件下(曝气强度0.30m3·(min·m3)-1、预处理时间12 h),相对于未经过预处理的工况,甲烷产量可提高26.77%;微好氧预处理对剩余污泥活性细胞的影响主要发生在胞外聚合物部分,同时也存在对活性微生物的破解作用。市政污泥经过微好氧预处理后,可有效提升后续中温厌氧消化或高温厌氧消化的甲烷产量。     

超声联合热碱预处理对剩余污泥厌氧消化的影响

以不同含固率剩余污泥为研究对象,在超声联合热碱预处理条件下,考察了污泥在厌氧消化过程中的减量以及细胞物质释放的特性。厌氧消化阶段,经过预处理作用的预处理泥挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)、溶解性COD(SCOD)的去除率均高于原泥,且VSS、SCOD去除率均随污泥含固率的增加而减少,SCOD去除率(X_(SCODr),%)和产气量(Y_(QY),mL/g)存在定量函数关系,即Y_(QY)=-0.148 7 X~2_(SCODr)+24.771 X_(SCODr)-775.68,同时SCOD去除率与VSS去除率(X_(VSSr),%)存在线性关系X_(SCODr)=0.533 3 X_(VSSr)+43.411。预处理对污泥在厌氧消化阶段氨氮、磷酸根磷的影响也随含固率的增大而减小,含固率为1.5%的预处理泥氨氮、磷酸根磷浓度相较原泥增幅最大,依次增长了97.3%、166.0%。     

超声联合碱解预处理对剩余污泥破解和厌氧消化的影响

对比研究了单独超声、单独碱解和两者联合预处理对污泥破解和厌氧消化性能的影响。以加碱量和输入能量为控制参数,研究了不同条件下的污泥破解和有机物溶解变化。结果表明:联合预处理技术对污泥破解和有机质溶解的效果比超声和碱解单独作用之和更好。污泥破解增加值ΔSCOD/TCOD和加碱量之间存在显著的线性关系(R2=0.936)。超声和碱解联合预处理对污泥厌氧消化产甲烷量较原泥增加了16.57%~31.13%。厌氧消化产甲烷结果表明,SCOD/TCOD的增加并不总是促进厌氧消化性能的改善,二者之间存在二次非线性关系(R~2=0.85),且厌氧消化性能最高点出现在超声能量12 000 kJ·kg~(-1)(TS)、加碱量0.08 g·g~(-1)(TS)联合作用条件下。     

电弧流溶胞技术促进污泥厌氧消化

为提高污水厂处理污泥时的厌氧消化速率,利用电弧流溶胞技术处理剩余污泥,研究电弧流溶胞技术对污泥破解预处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,与未经预处理的污泥相比,电弧流溶胞处理能够明显提高污泥厌氧消化效率,增加有机物含量和沼气产量。其中,经处理后的污泥TS、VS剩余量分别降低了8.3%和6.3%,COD增加了11.9%。厌氧系统平均产气量平均增加79.76 L/d,增加率45.82%,甲烷含量增加1.03 L/d,增加率102%。由此说明,电弧流溶胞技术可以提高厌氧消化反应中有机物的去除率,有效促进厌氧消化中污泥的水解过程,显著增加甲烷气体的产生量。在综合考虑运行费用和污泥消化效果的前提下,采取适宜的电弧流强化处理措施有一定的积极意义。     

热碱预处理对高含固剩余污泥厌氧消化的影响及其动力学研究

以高含固剩余污泥为研究对象,考察不同碱投加量下热碱联合预处理对剩余污泥溶胞效果和厌氧消化性能的影响,并运用3种动力学模型对剩余污泥生物化学产甲烷潜力过程进行模拟。结果表明,热碱联合预处理有助于促进剩余污泥的溶胞效果,并且随着碱投加量的增加,溶胞效果不断增强,当碱投加量为80mg/g(单位质量SS的NaOH投加量计)时,COD、氮、磷的溶出量均达到最大值,分别为58 622.2、1 792.8、790.3mg/L,溶出率分别为54.9%、45.7%、37.6%。热碱联合预处理可有效改善剩余污泥厌氧消化性能,但碱投加量过大时对可能对产甲烷过程带来抑制作用,碱投加量为60mg/g时剩余污泥厌氧消化的累积产甲烷量最大,为158.9mL/g,较不进行热碱联合预处理的空白组(106.5mL/g)高49.2%。3种动力学模型中,锥体模型对厌氧消化产甲烷过程的拟合效果最好,不同处理条件下模型拟合相关系数R~2均在0.990以上,该模型可准确预测最终的累积产甲烷量,预测误差均在2%以下。     

厌氧系统中碱处理对污泥减量的影响

碱解预处理污泥和原污泥按一定比例进行混合后,投入厌氧反应器中进行消化,研究其对污泥减量化的影响。结果表明,该处理既可以提高污泥减量率,又能改善污泥厌氧消化性能,提高污泥产气量。当碱处理污泥和原污泥混合比为1∶3时,在混合初期由于稀释作用和水解中和作用,溶液的pH能迅速恢复到中性。SS减少48%,较对照组提高了10%;SCOD减少约80%,较对照组提高20%,而空白对照组因未发生溶胞作用,各参数值均处于较低水平,降解率也维持在较低水平。     

臭氧预处理对高固污泥厌氧消化的影响

高固污泥的厌氧消化速率低下,严重限制了有机物的利用。在序批式反应器中探究了臭氧预处理对高固污泥厌氧消化的影响。实验结果表明臭氧预处理能够显著促进高固污泥的消化,且最佳臭氧的剂量为80 mg·g~(-1)(SS),相应的最大甲烷产量为238 mL·g~(-1)(VSS),是空白对照组的1.36倍。进一步研究表明,臭氧的投加能够促进溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD),溶解性蛋白质和多糖的溶出。最后NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P的溶出量进一步验证了臭氧能够促进高固污泥的溶出。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Mechanisms of biodegradation of dibenzoate plasticizers

Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for three dibenzoate plasticizers: diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB), both of which are commercially available, and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, a potential green plasticizer. Degradation studies were done using Rhodococcus rhodochrous in the presence of pure alkanes as a co-substrate. As expected, the first degradation step for all of these systems was the hydrolysis of one ester bond with the release of benzoic acid and a monoester. Subsequent biodegradation of the monobenzoates of diethylene glycol (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol (D(PG)MB) was very slow, leading to significant accumulation of these monoesters. In contrast, 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was quickly degraded and characterization of the metabolites indicated that the biodegradation proceeded by way of the oxidation of the alcohol group to generate 6-(benzoyloxy) hexanoic acid followed by β-oxidation steps. This pathway was blocked for D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB by the presence of an ether function.The use of a pure hydrocarbon as a co-substrate resulted in the formation of another class of metabolites; namely the esters of the alcohols formed by the oxidation of the alkanes and the benzoic acid released by hydrolysis of the original diesters. These metabolites were biodegraded without the accumulation of any intermediates.     

混凝试验搅拌器的研制

影响混凝效果的因素众多,混凝沉淀烧杯试验是进行水的混合、絮凝、沉淀工艺研究、设计和生产指导的最有效方法之一,阐述了智能型混凝试验搅拌器的设计原理和技术性能.     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%（质量百分比）.反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

产油微藻培养与回收的关键技术研究进展

寻找廉价而高效的替代原料是实现生物柴油产业化的关键所在.微藻以含油量高、生长周期短、环境适应能力强、生物产量高等优点,有望成为一种极具潜力的生物柴油生产原料.然而,目前尚存在微藻培养低效成本高和微藻回收效率低两大难题.综述了微藻培养与回收过程中的关键技术,并对存在的两大难题及其改进技术进行了详细的探讨.最后,总结并展望了微藻培养、回收技术未来的发展趋势.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染