锰矿尾渣污染土壤商陆根际和非根际土壤酶活性

对湘潭锰矿尾渣库地区商陆根际和非根际土壤酶的活性特征进行了研究，结果表明，商陆根际土壤各种酶的活性显著大于非根际土壤。商陆根际环境对土壤酶活性的影响表现为：蔗糖酶>脲酶>脱氢酶>酸性磷酸酶>过氧化氢酶，根际效应值（R/S）分别为：1.622、1.598、1.586、1.485和1.328。除过氧化氢酶活性外，土壤各种酶活性与重金属复合污染程度显著负相关，表现出重金属复合污染对土壤酶活性的抑制效应。商陆可有效改善土壤环境，提高土壤各种酶的活性，是锰污染土壤植物修复的理想植物。     

孟矿尾渣污染土壤商陆根际和非根际土壤酶活性

对湘潭锰矿尾渣库地区商陆根际和非根际土壤酶的活性特征进行了研究，结果表明，商陆根际土壤各种酶的活性显著大于非根际土壤。商陆根际环境对土壤酶活性的影响表现为：蔗糖酶〉脲酶〉脱氢酶〉酸性磷酸酶〉过氧化氢酶，根际效应值（R／S）分别为：1．622、1．598、1．586、1．485和1．328。除过氧化氢酶活性外，土壤各种酶活性与重金属复合污染程度显著负相关，表现出重金属复合污染对土壤酶活性的抑制效应。商陆可有效改善土壤环境，提高土壤各种酶的活性，是锰污染土壤植物修复的理想植物。     

重金属离子Cd^2＋、Pb^2＋污染对土壤酶活性的影响

通过对土壤中比较重要的两种酶（过氧化氢酶、脲酶）活性的测定，研究了重金属离子（Cd^2＋、Pb^2＋）单因素污染、复合污染对两种酶活性的影响，进而找出重金属污染程度与土壤酶活性的关系，为建立土壤中的酶活性可以表征重金属污染程度的生化指标平台提供试验依据。结果表明，在Cd^2＋、Pb^2＋单因素污染影响中，在一定浓度下的重金属离子对土壤酶活性会有激活效应，但大多表现为抑制效应；Cd^2＋、Pb^2＋复合污染对两种土壤酶活性的影响存在着明显差异，其复合污染对脲酶表现出协同抑制负效应的特征；对过氧化氢酶表现出一定的屏蔽作用。通过重金属离子形态对土壤酶有效性影响的研究，脲酶活性可以作为土壤重金属离子（Cd^2＋、Pb^2＋）单因素和复合污染程度的主要生化指标。     

不同增强剂的电动技术对土壤中镉去除及土壤酶活性的影响

为了探讨基于不同增强剂的电动技术对重金属污染土壤的修复效果,采用0.1%浓度的草酸、柠檬酸、已二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、甲基甘氨酸二乙酸(MGDA)作为阴极电解液,电压梯度3 V·cm~(-1)连续通电10 d,同时考查土壤中Cd的电迁移效果以及土壤酶(脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶)活性的变化。结果表明:相对于传统电动法(清水组),增强剂明显提高了Cd在土壤中的迁移效果,且人工螯合剂效果优于有机酸,对总Cd去除率为MGDA(63.08%)EDTA(23.75%)柠檬酸(18.43%)草酸(16.41%)清水(8.73%)。相比于清水组,EDTA抑制了土壤中3种酶活性,柠檬酸、草酸可以改善脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,MGDA显著提高了3种酶的活性。结合Cd去除率和酶的影响分析,MGDA不仅能显著提高电动修复效率,且具备较低的土壤环境风险。     

重金属Cd污染对土壤微生物活性影响的研究

重金属污染影响微生物活性,土壤中微生物活性的变化反映着土壤质量。通过实验模拟,研究不同浓度的外源重金属Cd对土壤微生物活性的影响,选择山林土和田园土为研究对象,测定土壤呼吸强度、脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性来表征土壤中微生物活性。结果表明,田园土中土壤呼吸强度、过氧化氢酶活性及脲酶活性均高于山林土。Cd对微生物活性具有明显的抑制作用,表现为随着Cd浓度的升高,土壤呼吸强度、过氧化氢酶活性及脲酶活性均总体呈现下降趋势;当Cd质量浓度为1.0mg/kg时,土壤脲酶活性增强,说明低浓度Cd对一些微生物活性有促进作用;当Cd质量浓度为10.0mg/kg时,土壤呼吸强度和过氧化氢酶活性增强,说明土壤呼吸强度和过氧化氢酶活性对逆境有强烈的反应机制。土壤中的有效态Cd随培养时间的延长会减少,使其对微生物活性的抑制作用减弱。     

化学淋洗对铅锌复合污染土壤微生物与酶活性的影响研究

通过土柱化学淋洗实验,研究了超纯水、乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA-Na_2)单剂、EDTA-Na_2与茶皂素混合剂3种淋洗剂对铅锌复合污染土壤中微生物及酶活性的影响。结果表明,EDTA-Na_2与茶皂素混合剂能在一定程度上促进土壤中的真菌生长,微生物总量也大大增加。EDTA-Na_2单剂对过氧化氢酶活性有抑制作用,但EDTA-Na_2与茶皂素混合剂中的茶皂素可以缓解EDTA-Na_2对过氧化氢酶活性的影响;3种淋洗剂均对土壤中脲酶活性影响不大;EDTA-Na_2单剂和EDTA-Na_2与茶皂素混合剂都能提高蔗糖酶活性。同时,EDTA-Na_2与茶皂素混合剂对土壤中铅和锌的去除率最高,因此EDTA-Na_2与茶皂素混合剂是土壤化学淋洗修复中一种较好的淋洗剂。     

不同锌浓度有机肥对土壤酶活性及微生物数量的影响

采用室内培养方法,探究了含不同质量浓度(600、1 200、1 800mg/kg)锌的有机肥对土壤酶活性及微生物的影响。结果表明:(1)在整个培养阶段,含锌的有机肥总体显著抑制土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性,对碱性磷酸酶活性影响不显著;随着有机肥中锌浓度的增大,脲酶、脱氢酶、蔗糖酶活性总体显著降低。(2)整个培养阶段,含1 800mg/kg锌的有机肥促进土壤中真菌增长;对土壤中细菌总体也有促进作用;对土壤中放线菌呈先抑制后激活的作用,最后趋于稳定。     

蚯蚓粪改善紫花苜蓿修复重金属污染农田效果的研究

通过田间试验研究了蚯蚓粪施入对重金属污染农田土壤的理化性质及酶活性的影响,探究了蚯蚓粪对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)生长及其富集重金属Cu、Cd、Zn、As的影响,以及紫花苜蓿体内抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,蚯蚓粪施入使土壤全磷、全氮、有机质分别提高30.6%、28.2%、13.2%,土壤pH由8.29下降为8.09,土壤阳离子交换能力增强。蚯蚓粪施入土壤后,土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性也均提高。蚯蚓粪处理使紫花苜蓿植株株高和生物量提高,且可提高其重金属富集能力。蚯蚓粪处理下紫花苜蓿超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性显著提高,但过氧化氢酶活性降低。总体而言,蚯蚓粪肥施入可改善紫花苜蓿修复受重金属污染农田土壤的效果。     

微生物矿化修复重金属污染土壤

以选矿厂附近土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤中交换态重金属含量,As、Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu的交换态浓度为14.01、4.95、0.64、33.46和12.95 mg/kg。基于生物矿化原理,利用碳酸盐矿化菌生长代谢过程产生的脲酶来分解底物尿素,产生碳酸根离子,固结重金属离子,使得土壤中活泼的重金属离子转变为碳酸盐矿物态,降低其危险。研究了温度、pH和重金属离子对酶活性的影响,发现环境30℃温度有利于促进酶活性;在弱酸性条件下,底物分解量减少15%;重金属离子在低浓度时对脲酶活性影响不大,浓度提高后对酶活性抑制作用没有加剧。将制备好的微生物矿化修复制剂喷洒于1 000 m2的污染土壤中,实验结果发现,土壤中交换态重金属离子含量在0～20 cm范围内明显减少,As、Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu的交换态浓度分别减少至2.37、1.25、0.31、16.67和3.42 mg/kg。     

海泡石及其复配材料钝化修复镉污染土壤

选取湖北大冶Cd污染土壤,采用室外盆栽实验,研究了海泡石、酸改性海泡石以及二者与石灰、磷酸盐配合使用对油菜生物量、体内Cd含量以及土壤pH和有效态Cd含量的影响。结果表明,不同钝化剂处理均能有效提高油菜地上部和根部生物量,最大分别提高1.03和1.43倍,复合处理以及改性海泡石单一处理的增产效果优于海泡石单一处理。不同钝化剂处理均能显著降低油菜地上部和根部Cd含量,最大分别降低66.40%和22.68%。钝化剂复合处理比单一处理对降低油菜Cd吸收的效果显著,6%的钝化剂添加量较为合适。钝化剂复合处理以及海泡石单一处理均能显著提高土壤pH。不同钝化剂处理均能显著降低土壤有效态Cd含量,钝化剂复合处理对土壤Cd有效性的影响要比单一处理显著。综合实验结果,海泡石与磷酸盐复合处理对土壤Cd污染的钝化修复效果最佳。     

Impact of soil management and two botanical insecticides on urease and invertase activity

Yard waste compost provides an organic amendment useful for improving soil structure and nutrient status. The activities of the enzymes hydrolyzing urea (urease) and sucrose (invertase) in the rhizosphere of potato plants were determined under field conditions. Soil urease and invertase activities were monitored in compost amended soil, grass buffer strips, and in adjacent bare soils during 35 d following soil treatment. Soil urease activity was increased by application of yard waste compost compared to untreated soil which provide evidence of increased soil microbial population following application of compost. Some transitional effects on urease activities were observed following Pyrethrins and Neemix-4E application, these effects were neither drastic nor prolonged enough to be considered deleterious to the soil microorganisms and their activities important to soil fertility. No relationship was found between invertase activity and the three management practices or soil organic matter content. It is suggested that application of botanical insecticides like pyrethrins and Neemix-4E may be useful in delaying urea fertilizer mineralization to maintain N in a form less leachable, so that the duration of N availability to plants is prolonged. The present study may also provide information on urease activity as a sensitive bioindicator of soil quality that reflects the effects of land management on soil quality and may assist land managers in monitoring long-term productivity and sustainability of agricultural lands.     

Acute effects of copper and mercury on the estuarine fish Pomatoschistus microps: Linking biomarkers to behaviour

The main objective of the present study was to investigate possible links between biomarkers and swimming performance in the estuarine fish Pomatoschistus microps acutely exposed to metals (copper and mercury). In independent bioassays, P. microps juveniles were individually exposed for 96 h to sub-lethal concentrations of copper or mercury. At the end of the assays, swimming performance of fish was measured using a device specially developed for epibenthic fish (SPEDE). Furthermore, the following biomarkers were measured: lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the activity of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutathione S-transferases (GST), 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). LC₅₀s of copper and mercury (dissolved throughout metal concentrations) at 96 h were 568 μg L⁻¹ and 62 μg L⁻¹, respectively. Significant and concentration-dependent effects of both metals on swimming resistance and covered distance against water flow were found at concentrations equal or higher than 50 μg L⁻¹ for copper and 3 μg L⁻¹ for mercury (dissolved throughout metal concentrations). These results indicate that SPEDE was efficacious to quantify behavioural alterations in the epibenthic fish P. microps at ecologically relevant concentrations. Significant alterations by both metals on biomarkers were found including: inhibition of AChE and EROD activities, induction of LDH, GST and anti-oxidant enzymes, and increased LPO levels, with LOEC values ranging from 25 to 200 μg L⁻¹ for copper and from 3 to 25 μg L⁻¹ for mercury (dissolved throughout metal concentrations). Furthermore, significant and positive correlations were found between some biomarkers (AChE and EROD) and behavioural parameters, while negative correlations were found for others (LPO, anti-oxidant enzymes and LDH) suggesting that disruption of cholinergic function through AChE inhibition, decreased detoxification capability due to EROD inhibition, additional energetic demands to face chemical stress, and oxidative stress and damage may contribute to decrease the swimming performance of fish. Since a reduced swimming capability of fish may reduce their ability to capture preys, avoid predators, and interfere with social and reproductive behaviour, the exposure of P. microps to copper and/or mercury concentrations similar to those tested here may decrease the fitness of wild populations of this species.     

Impact of Soil Management and Two Botanical Insecticides on Urease and Invertase Activity

Yard waste compost provides an organic amendment useful for improving soil structure and nutrient status. The activities of the enzymes hydrolyzing urea (urease) and sucrose (invertase) in the rhizosphere of potato plants were determined under field conditions. Soil urease and invertase activities were monitored in compost amended soil, grass buffer strips, and in adjacent bare soils during 35 d following soil treatment. Soil urease activity was increased by application of yard waste compost compared to untreated soil which provide evidence of increased soil microbial population following application of compost. Some transitional effects on urease activities were observed following Pyrethrins and Neemix‐4E application, these effects were neither drastic nor prolonged enough to be considered deleterious to the soil microorganisms and their activities important to soil fertility. No relationship was found between invertase activity and the three management practices or soil organic matter content. It is suggested that application of botanical insecticides like pyrethrins and Neemix‐4E may be useful in delaying urea fertilizer mineralization to maintain N in a form less leachable, so that the duration of N availability to plants is prolonged. The present study may also provide information on urease activity as a sensitive bioindicator of soil quality that reflects the effects of land management on soil quality and may assist land managers in monitoring long‐term productivity and sustainability of agricultural lands.     

Phytoremediation potential of the novel atrazine tolerant Lolium multiflorum and studies on the mechanisms involved

Atrazine impact on human health and the environment have been extensively studied. Phytoremediation emerged as a low cost, environmental friendly biotechnological solution for atrazine pollution in soil and water. In vitro atrazine tolerance assays were performed and Lolium multiflorum was found as a novel tolerant species, able to germinate and grow in the presence of 1 mg kg⁻¹ of the herbicide. L. multiflorum presented 20% higher atrazine removal capacity than the natural attenuation, with high initial degradation rate in microcosms. The mechanisms involved in atrazine tolerance such as mutation in psbA gene, enzymatic detoxification via P₄₅₀ or chemical hydrolysis through benzoxazinones were evaluated. It was demonstrated that atrazine tolerance is conferred by enhanced enzymatic detoxification via P₄₅₀. Due to its atrazine degradation capacity in soil and its agronomical properties, L. multiflorum is a candidate for designing phytoremediation strategies for atrazine contaminated agricultural soils, especially those involving run-off avoiding.     

不同质量浓度黄菖蒲和狭叶香蒲对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用简

分别采用黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus L.）、狭叶香蒲（Typha angustifolia L.）和铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）共生培养的实验方法研究了不同质量浓度黄菖蒲、狭叶香蒲对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用。结果表明，黄菖蒲在质量浓度大于10 g/L时对初始密度为1.0×10⁷ ind/mL的铜绿微囊藻具有较好的抑制作用，表现为黄菖蒲质量浓度为10、20和40 g/L时，第15天对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率分别为30.1%、51.8%和84.0%；狭叶香蒲在质量浓度大于20 g/L时对铜绿微囊藻有明显的抑制作用，表现为狭叶香蒲质量浓度为20 g/L和40 g/L时，第15天对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率分别为34.2%和77.7%，实验过程中，铜绿微囊藻叶绿素a含量逐渐减少，而藻密度、SOD活性及MDA含量先增加后逐渐降低，表明经过一段时间持续地化感胁迫，黄菖蒲和狭叶香蒲可以诱导铜绿微囊藻产生氧化胁迫，导致细胞结构严重损伤和叶绿素大量分解，从而强烈抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长。     

Response of antioxidant enzymes in Nicotiana tabacum clones during phytoextraction of heavy metals

Background, aim, and scope  Tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, is a widely used model plant for growth on heavy-metal-contaminated sites. Its high biomass and deep rooting system make it interesting for phytoextraction. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidative activities and glutathione-dependent enzymes of different tobacco clones optimized for better Cd and Zn accumulation in order to characterize their performance in the field. Main features  The improved heavy metal resistance also makes the investigated tobacco clones interesting for understanding the plant defense enzyme system in general. Freshly harvested plant material (N. tabacum leaves) was used to investigate the antioxidative cascade in plants grown on heavy metal contaminated sites with and without amendments of different ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate fertilizers. Materials and methods  Plants were grown on heavily polluted soils in north-east Switzerland. Leaves were harvested at the field site and directly deep frozen in liquid N₂. Studies were concentrated on the antioxidative enzymes of the Halliwell–Asada cycle, and spectrophotometric measurements of catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11), superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), glutathione peroxidase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.9), glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2), glutathione S-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) were performed. Results and discussion  We tried to explain the relationship between fertilizer amendments and the activity of the enzymatic defense systems. When tobacco (N. tabacum) plants originating from different mutants were grown under field conditions with varying fertilizer application, the uptake of cadmium and zinc from soil increased with increasing biomass. Depending on Cd and Zn uptake, several antioxidant enzymes showed significantly different activities. Whereas SOD and CAT were usually elevated, several other enzymes, and isoforms of GST were strongly inhibited. Conclusions  Heavy metal uptake represents severe stress to plants, and specific antioxidative enzymes are induced at the cost of more general reactions of the Halliwell–Asada cycle. In well-supplied plants, the glutathione level remains more or less unchanged. The lack of certain glutathione S-transferases upon exposure to heavy metals might be problematic in cases when organic pollutants coincide with heavy metal pollution. When planning phytoremediation of sites, mixed pollution scenarios have to be foreseen and plants should be selected according to both, their stress resistance and hyperaccumulative capacity.     

Pesticide influence on soil enzymatic activities.

The influence of four pesticides, e.g. glyphosate, paraquat, atrazine, and carbaryl, on the activities of invertase, urease and phosphatase of twenty-two soils, numbered as 1-22, was investigated. Soils displayed a general variability of enzyme activities with invertase being more abundant than urease and phosphatase in the order listed. The addition of glyphosate and paraquat activated invertase and urease activities in several soils. Increments of invertase activity ranged from a very low increase (+4%) up to +204% in soils 11 and 14, respectively. Smaller increases were measured for urease. A general inhibitory effect (from 5% to 98%) was observed for phosphatase in the presence of glyphosate. The effects of atrazine and carbaryl on the three soil enzymes were evaluated against that exhibited by methanol, the solvent used for their solubilization. In almost all soils, atrazine further inhibited invertase activity with respect to the inhibitory effect shown by methanol. By contrast, consistent activation effects (from 61% to 10217%) were measured for urease with methanol alone and/or methanol-pesticide mixtures. Contradictory results were observed with phosphatase. Similarities found between the results obtained with enzymes in soils and those measured with synthetic enzyme complexes (e.g. free enzymes and/or clay-, organo-, and organo-clay-enzyme complexes) exposed to the same pesticides allowed some relationships between responses of soil enzymes to pesticides and soil properties to be hypothesized.     

Effect of four experimental insecticides on enzyme activities and levels of adenosine triphosphate in mineral and organic soils

Abstract

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the effect of four experimental insecticides, DOWCO429X, DPX43898, tefluthrin and trimethacarb, on enzyme activities and levels of adenosine 5'‐triphosphate (ATP) in mineral and organic soils. DOWCO429X decreased urease activity in organic soil after 7 days while a stimulatory effect was observed with most treatments after 14 days. No inhibition on acetylene (C₂H₂) reduction by nitrogenase was evident with any of the insecticides in either soil. With the exception of DOWCO429X and tefluthrin at 7 days in organic soil, none of the insecticide treatments inhibited dehydrogenase activity in either soil. Dehydrogenase activity, measured by formazan formation, was greater in many samples in sandy loam than the control throughout the experiment. No inhibitory effect was observed on amylase activity after 2 or 3 days in sandy soil. A stimulatory effect was apparent in many samples after 2 days in organic soil. All insecticide treatments in sandy soil reduced invertase activity at 2 days. However, none of the experimental insecticides inhibited invertase activity after 3 days. A stimulatory effect in invertase activity was apparent in most cases at 2 days in organic soil and no difference was observed after 3 days. Phosphatase activity in insecticide treated samples was equal to or greater than that of control in sandy soil after 2 h. With the exception of DPX43898, the insecticides depressed phosphatase activity in most organic soil samples. The insecticides did not affect ATP levels in either soil. Results indicated that the chemical treatments at the levels tested did not significantly affect activities of enzymes or level of ATP in both soils.     

Implication of zinc excess on soil health

This study was undertaken to evaluate zinc's influence on the resistance of organotrophic bacteria, actinomyces, fungi, dehydrogenases, catalase and urease. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of the University of Warmia and Mazury (UWM) in Olsztyn, Poland. Plastic pots were filled with 3 kg of sandy loam with pH_KCl – 7.0 each. The experimental variables were: zinc applied to soil at six doses: 100, 300, 600, 1,200, 2,400 and 4,800 mg of Zn²⁺ kg^?1 in the form of ZnCl₂ (zinc chloride), and species of plant: oat (Avena sativa L.) cv. Chwat and white mustard (Sinapis alba) cv. Rota. Soil without the addition of zinc served as the control. During the growing season, soil samples were subjected to microbiological analyses on experimental days 25 and 50 to determine the abundance of organotrophic bacteria, actinomyces and fungi, and the activity of dehydrogenases, catalase and urease, which provided a basis for determining the soil resistance index (RS). The physicochemical properties of soil were determined after harvest. The results of this study indicate that excessive concentrations of zinc have an adverse impact on microbial growth and the activity of soil enzymes. The resistance of organotrophic bacteria, actinomyces, fungi, dehydrogenases, catalase and urease decreased with an increase in the degree of soil contamination with zinc. Dehydrogenases were most sensitive and urease was least sensitive to soil contamination with zinc. Zinc also exerted an adverse influence on the physicochemical properties of soil and plant development. The growth of oat and white mustard plants was almost completely inhibited in response to the highest zinc doses of 2,400 and 4,800 mg Zn²⁺ kg^?1.