基于旱作农田面源污染控制的生态沟渠构建及其拦截效果研究

针对南方平原河网地区旱作农田径流排水特征,构建了一种混凝土多孔板结构的生态沟渠,有效过水断面为0.8m~2,稳定期沟壁和沟底净化植物生物量分别为0.54、0.36kg/m,并通过引入三维植被网护坡技术,在发挥生态拦截功能的同时,大大提高了沟渠抗坡面侵蚀强度。试验表明,径流排水的水力停留时间(HRT)达48h时,生态沟渠对悬浮物(SS)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)拦截率分别为50.5%、53.6%、56.1%。生态沟渠对硝态氮的拦截规律与TN一致,但对可溶性磷(DP)的拦截效果与传统水旱通用混凝土排水渠无明显差别,说明生态沟渠对TP的拦截主要表现在对颗粒吸附态磷的拦截。     

天津地区生态沟渠不同植物配置对氮磷去除效果研究

为筛选适宜天津地区的生态沟渠及提高其净化效果,设置了2组沟渠植物配置试验,研究不同植物配置模式下沟渠氮磷去除效果。结果表明:在沟底种植不同水生蔬菜中,空心菜(Ipomoea aquatica)对氮磷的净化作用较好,总氮、总磷的去除率分别为49.00%、56.05%。在沟壁种植不同护坡植物中,水葱(Scirpus validus)对氨氮、总磷的拦截较好,去除率分别为40.74%、45.24%,显著高于油莎草(Cyperus esculentus L.)和梭鱼草(Pontederia cordata)。综合比较2组植物配置模式的沟渠,以空心菜(沟底)+水葱(沟壁)植物配置的生态沟渠氮磷去除效果最佳,总氮、硝态氮、氨氮和总磷的去除率分别为49.00%、59.04%、43.91%、56.05%。该植物搭配生态沟渠是适宜天津地区治理氮磷污染的一种可行模式,研究成果将为治理天津地区面源污染提供技术指导。     

集水花坛对农村区域初期地表径流的净化效果

针对农村集中居住区地表硬化,高氮磷浓度的初期地表径流直排进而污染附近河道的问题,设计了"集水花坛-拦截沟"组合工艺,研究了4个不同水力停留时间(HRT)下处理初期地表径流的净化效果。结果表明:"集水花坛-拦截沟"组合工艺利用植物吸收、微生物降解及基质层吸附拦截的综合作用,有效降低了农村初期地表径流中的污染物浓度;在4种HRT条件下,该组合工艺均可快速去除径流水体中的悬浮物SS,去除率达96%以上;当HRT为3 d时,该组合工艺能够显著降低径流水体中的TN、TP及COD值,去除率分别达到90%、90%和75%以上,且出水TN和COD达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类水标准,TP浓度达到V类水标准。以上结果可为农村初期地表径流的处理提供技术参考和数据支撑。     

川中丘陵区高富集氮、磷沟渠植物的筛选

选择7种川中丘陵区常见沟渠植物(酸模、菖蒲、黑麦草、水芋、美人蕉、水蓼、野薄荷)作为研究对象,盆栽试验研究了不同植物对氮、磷的吸收能力,以期筛选出适应川中丘陵区沟渠生长的高富集氮、磷植物。结果表明:(1)不同沟渠植物地上部生物量(以干质量计)为0.43~1.38kg/m2,其中美人蕉最大,菖蒲最小。(2)不同沟渠植物地上部全氮为4.50~14.35g/kg,其中水芋最高,水蓼最低;不同沟渠植物地上部全磷为0.80~2.15g/kg,其中水芋最高,野薄荷最低。(3)不同沟渠植物地上部全氮吸收量为2.88~15.66g/m2,其中美人蕉最高,其次为水芋;不同沟渠植物地上部全磷吸收量为0.48~2.04g/m2,其中美人蕉和水芋地上部全磷吸收量最高,水蓼、黑麦草和酸模次之,菖蒲和野薄荷最低。     

植草沟在城市面源污染控制系统的应用

暴雨径流造成的城市面源污染已引起广泛重视,为控制和削减进入受纳水体的径流污染负荷,各种技术措施得到发展,植草沟便是其中之一.植草沟是景观型地表沟渠排水系统,从植草沟定义、类型、设计计算、参数确定、运行维护及应用实例方面作了较详细介绍.植草沟在条件合适时可代替传统的雨水管道,具有很好的推广应用前景.     

降雨径流时农田沟渠水体中氮、磷迁移转化规律研究

为有效阻控降雨条件下农田土壤流失氮、磷通过沟渠进入水体,通过对降雨时农田排水沟渠系统中总氮、总磷的测定和分析,研究降雨径流下沟渠系统水体中氮、磷的迁移转化规律和时空分布.结果表明,农田排水沟渠系统本身不太稳定,在外界条件(降雨)的作用下可以引起一系列的变化,同时农田排水沟渠系统又具有抗冲击可修复能力,可以使氮、磷的各项转化作用恢复.该特征使得总氮、总磷在沿程迁移过程中表现出一定的变化规律:总氮浓度沿程呈3次多项式曲线变化,总磷浓度整体呈指数递减变化;同时各断面的总氮、总磷自身转化也有其降解规律,总氮和总磷浓度随时间均呈3次多项式曲线变化.     

植草沟净化地表径流运行条件优化

设计了黑麦草沟和天堂草沟两类植草沟,采用正交实验的方法研究了水力负荷、草高、水深等3个因素对植草沟净化地表径流的影响,以探索植草沟最佳运行条件。结果表明,各因素的影响大小依次为:水力负荷草高水深。黑麦草沟和天堂草沟的最佳运行条件相同,均为水力负荷0.5 m3·(m2·d)-1,草高15 cm,水深4 cm。在最佳运行条件下,黑麦草沟对地表径流中COD、TSS、TN、TDN、NH3-N、TP、TDP的去除率分别为,59.76%±6.52%、81.77%±13.89%、32.56%±15.34%、28.31%±16.56%、23.59%±15.53%、71.66%±12.68%、63.01%±12.8%,天堂草沟分别为,53.2%±5.57%、76.88%±11.99%、24.22%±9.85%、17.75%±6.6%、19.87%±11.69%、69.17%±11.17%、62.48%±13.04%。黑麦草沟在净化地表径流污染物方面整体优于天堂草沟,黑麦草更适宜在植草沟中使用。     

“生态沟渠+人工湿地”系统处理农田退水中噻虫嗪

研究了不同水力停留时间(HRT)和农药污染负荷(PPL)下,"生态沟渠+水平流人工湿地"和"生态沟渠+垂直流人工湿地"系统对农田退水中常规污染物和噻虫嗪的去除效果。结果表明,"生态沟渠+垂直流人工湿地"系统对COD、NH+4-N、NO-3-N、TN、TP及噻虫嗪的去除率均优于"生态沟渠+水平流人工湿地"系统,分别为76%、97%、92%、95%、88%和40%(HRT=2 d),其中噻虫嗪在沟渠段的去除率为17%,在垂直流人工湿地段的去除率为23%。延长HRT、降低PPL均有利于噻虫嗪在组合系统中的去除。对垂直流人工湿地各基质层出水噻虫嗪浓度检测结果表明,运行前期,噻虫嗪在空心砖层去除率最高(8%),主要是由于空心砖对于噻虫嗪的吸附优于沸石和钢渣,随着系统运行,土壤+细沸石层和粗沸石层的去除效率增加,植物吸收与微生物降解作用逐渐占据主导地位。微生物群落结构分析结果显示,生态沟渠段β-变形菌纲和厌氧绳菌纲丰度分别为11%和10%。垂直流人工湿地自上而下芽孢杆菌逐渐增多成为优势菌,β-变形菌和厌氧绳菌逐渐减少。厌氧、好氧交替环境有利于常规污染物和噻虫嗪的去除。     

5种浮床植物对宁夏引黄灌区稻田退水中氮磷的去除效果

为了探索植物浮床技术应用和农业面源污染防治的有效措施,采用稻田退水沟渠原位实验,研究了美人蕉(Canna indica)、千屈菜(Lythrum salicaria)、黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus)、空心菜(Ipomoea aquatica)、水稻(Oryza sativa)5种不同浮床植物对退水中氮、磷的去除效果。结果表明,在稻田退水中生长4个月后,5种浮床植物生物量均大幅度增加。其中,美人蕉生物增长量最大,为97.2 g·株~(-1),其次为千屈菜达到81.3 g·株~(-1);空心菜成活率最高,达到91.67%,美人蕉其次,为87.50%,而水稻成活率最低,仅为60.71%;千屈菜茎叶和根系的氮含量最高,分别达到0.85%和0.65%;美人蕉茎叶、根系的磷含量最高,分别达到0.15%、0.17%;空心菜氮吸收量最高,达到14 239.46 mg·m~(-2),美人蕉其次,为10 798.00 mg·m~(-2);水稻磷吸收量最高,达到407.11 mg·m~(-2),空心菜其次,为374.41 mg·m~(-2);空心菜对稻田退水中总氮(TN)去除率最高,达到85.88%,其次为美人蕉,为81.67%;空心菜总磷(TP)去除率最高,达到80.32%,其次为水稻,达到72.86%。根据上述实验结果,推荐浮床空心菜和美人蕉作为宁夏引黄灌区农田排水沟水质改善的主要植物。     

草皮缓冲带对洱海流域面源污染的削减效果

在前期植物调查和资料调研的基础上,构建了以百慕大、结缕草、混播草草皮为陆生植物的缓冲带,以洱海流域面源污染水样为这些植被缓冲带的进水,进行削减效果的现场中试实验。结果表明,裸露地表对径流SS几乎没有削减效果,而草皮缓冲带能有效截留径流SS,去除率大小顺序为混播草缓冲带结缕草缓冲带百慕大缓冲带;草皮缓冲带渗流水中的TN、TP的去除率均在60%以上,而径流水中TN、TP的去除率在40%以上;总体而言,草皮缓冲带对面源污染的削减效果沿程增强,且前段去除效果较强,后段去除效果减弱,其中混播草缓冲带的削减效果最好,百慕大缓冲带的削减效果相对较差;通过计算,当SS去除率为70%时,混播草缓冲带的最佳宽度仅为13.4 m,比百慕大缓冲带缩短了5.2 m。     

上海郊区稻田氮素流失研究

通过测坑和大田小区试验，研究了上海郊区稻田氮素排水流失和渗漏流失的特征、相关因素和流失负荷。结果表明，稻田综合排水TN为6.55mg／L，流失负荷为16．68kg／hm^2，以铵态氮为主，稻田氮素的排水流失负荷为16．68kg／hm^2。稻田渗漏水氮浓度与前茬作物有关，草莓和蔬菜高，麦茬低，TN为5．73mg／L，渗漏负荷为22．92kg／hm^2，其中硝态氮占50％左右。稻田氮素总流失负荷占稻季化肥用量的13．23％。测坑和大田试验都证明，施用有机肥可较多地减少稻田氮素流失量。     

组合型生态浮床对水体修复及植物氮磷吸收能力研究

在天鹅湖水体中构建以水生植物和陆生喜水植物为实验植物,浮法控制器、水循环增氧系统和造浪-输送系统相集合的组合型生态浮床。在中试研究中,研究了其对天鹅湖上覆水和沉积物中营养物质的修复动态。结果表明,经过4个多月的组合型生态浮床生态修复,天鹅湖上覆水中TN、NH4+-N和TP的去除率分别达到61.92%、63.09%和80.0%,沉积物中TN和NH4+-N含量的去除率分别达到23.79%和37.04%,TP含量升高了43.71%;组合型生态浮床的5种浮床植物的氮磷累积量差异显著,再力花和美人蕉对氮磷的吸收速率显著高于菖蒲、薄荷和水稻,再力花和美人蕉对氮的吸收速率达到12.19 g/(m2.d)和7.90 g/(m2.d),对磷吸收分别达到0.81 g/(m2.d)和0.99 g/(m2.d)。美人蕉和再力花对氮磷的吸收量均是茎叶>根系,其中美人蕉茎叶氮、磷吸收量分别为根系的2.73倍和1.93倍,再力花分别为1.83倍和1.19倍,通过浮床系统植物水上部分的收割可以去除水体中的氮磷。     

The input-output balance of cadmium in a paddy field of Tokyo

Field monitoring was practiced from 2001 to 2003 to evaluate the input (irrigation, atmospheric deposition, and fertilizer application) and the output (uptake and accumulation into the above-ground biomass of rice plants and leaching) of cadmium (Cd) in a contaminated paddy field in Tokyo. The cadmium concentrations of irrigated water, open-bulk precipitation, soil solution (leaching water), rice plants collected at the harvesting stage and the chemical fertilizer and the cow manure compost applied were determined. The Cd flux of each factor was calculated by multiplying the Cd concentration by the volume or mass of the media. The annual input-output balance of Cd in the paddy field in 2001 and 2002 was estimated to be -5.44 [corrected] g ha(-1) and -2.01 [corrected] g ha(-1), respectively, indicating the loss of Cd from the paddy field, although the losses accounted for only 0.24% [corrected] and 0.089% [corrected] of the total amount of Cd in the ploughed layer soil in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Among the factors involved, the input from fertilizers (including manure compost) and the output due to the uptake by rice plants played a major role in the balance. The former largely depended on the types and amounts of fertilizers applied, and the latter on the water management practices in the paddy field, such as flooding and drainage of the surface water.     

生物质碳源组合型生态浮床系统脱氮效果研究

利用农业废弃物和水生植物,结合水下空间与水面景观,构建集成脱氮技术的新型立体组合式生态浮床系统用以地表水体中氮的脱除以净化水质。立体生态浮床运行2个月之后的结果显示,NH3-N、TN和CODMn的去除率可分别达到96.77%、95.51%和77.75%,本浮床具有较高脱氮能力,水体净化效果明显;同时,整个生态浮床系统的生物多样性较为丰富,原水分别为Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类的池2和池5中分别鉴定出6种和8种主要氨氧化菌谱带,位于系统中部的玉米芯和稻草表面微生物多样性丰富程度较高;稻草和底泥中氨氧化菌的谱带种类最多。与池2相比,池5中除了存在共有谱带外,还存在特有谱带h和j带,表明可能有特殊氨氧化菌群的存在。本组合型生态浮床具有同步硝化与反硝化作用,利于沉水植物生长,并能促进水生态系统构建。     

漂浮植物塘处理农村分散生活污水的应用

通过现场实验评价了漂浮植物塘配合化粪池处理农村分散生活污水的效果。实验结果表明,漂浮植物有效地抑制了污染水体中藻类的生长;在平均水力停留时间为36 d,COD、TN、TP平均污染负荷分别为3.1、0.86和0.056 g/(m2.d)的条件下,大薸塘对COD、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为68.5%、89.9%和85.2%,出水COD、TN和TP平均浓度分别为47、4.15和0.40 mg/L,达到GB18918-2002中的一级A标准。在水乡地区利用漂浮植物与农村宅河构造漂浮植物处理系统,是一种深度处理化粪池出水、控制农村生活污水对河道造成污染的有效措施。     

Quantifying direct N2O emissions in paddy fields during rice growing season in mainland China: Dependence on water regime

Various water management regimes, such as continuous flooding (F), flooding-midseason drainage-reflooding (F-D-F), and flooding-midseason drainage-reflooding-moist intermittent irrigation, but without water logging (F-D-F-M), are currently practiced in paddy rice production in mainland China. These water regimes have incurred a sensitive change in direct N₂O emission from rice paddy fields. We compiled and statistically analyzed field data on N₂O emission from paddy fields during the rice growing season (71 measurements from 17 field studies) that were published in peer-reviewed Chinese and English journals. Seasonal total N₂O was, on average, equivalent to 0.02% of the nitrogen applied in the continuous flooding rice paddies. Under the water regime of F-D-F or the F-D-F-M, seasonal N₂O emissions increased with N fertilizer applied in rice paddies. An ordinary least square (OLS) linear regression model produced the emission factor (EF) of nitrogen for N₂O averaged 0.42%, but background N₂O emission was not pronounced under the water regime of F-D-F. Under the F-D-F-M water regime, N₂O EF and background emission were estimated to be 0.73% and 0.79 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹, respectively, during the paddy rice growing season. Based on results of the present study and national rice production data, subsequently, direct N₂O emissions during the rice growing season amounted to 29.0 Gg N₂O-N with the uncertainty of 30.1%, which accounted for 7–11% of the reported estimates of annual total emission from croplands in mainland China. The results of this study suggest that paddy rice relative to upland crop production could have contributed to mitigating N₂O emissions from agriculture in mainland China.     

Heavy metals in sediments,soils, and aquatic plants from a secondary anabranch of the three gorges reservoir region,China

We investigated the occurrence of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), Znic (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and magnesium (Mg) in sediments, as well as in related soils and aquatic plants in the Liangtan River, a typical secondary anabranch of the Yangtze River in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR) of China. We found that sediments accumulated more metals than soils and aquatic plants. Concentrations of the nine metals in sediments and soils followed the same sequence, while their concentrations in aquatic plants followed a different sequence. Potential adverse effects of contaminated sediments on benthic fauna were evaluated, and the results showed that the toxic effect on benthic organisms followed the sequence Zn?>?Ni?>?Cr?>?Cu?>?Cd?>?Pb. The potential ecological risk index analysis indicated that Cd in sediments had considerable ecological risk, whereas Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb had low ecological risk. The potential ecological risk index (RI) of the heavy metals in sediments of the Liangtan River was 174.9, indicating moderate ecological risk. The transfer factor trend of metals for aquatic plants showed that Cd and Ni had the most and least accumulation, respectively. For Cu, Cd, Mg, Pb, and Cr, a significant positive correlation of the metal concentrations was observed between sediments and soils, but no correlations (excluding Cr) were detected between sediments and aquatic plants. Our study indicated that anthropogenic input may be the primary source of metal contamination in the Liangtan River, and that Zn and Cd pollution in the Liangtan River should be further explored.     

循环比对氧化沟脱氮除磷效果及磷转化途径的影响

在改良型氧化沟工艺的循环廊道内增设缓流板,以此改变循环廊道过流断面面积,进而调控循环比(循环廊道断面通过的循环流量和进水流量的比值)。利用胞内、胞外聚合物的分析及物料平衡的方法,研究了增设缓流板、调控循环比前后系统同步脱氮除磷效果和磷转化途径的变化及聚磷菌种含量的差别。结果表明,增设缓流板,循环比为27时,COD、NH+4、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为93.3%、87.1%、78.1%和96.0%,反硝化聚磷菌占总聚磷菌的比例为46.1%;而不设缓流板,循环比为241时,COD、NH+4、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为91.2%、82.7%、67.2%和86.4%,反硝化聚磷菌占总聚磷菌的比例为17.54%。综上可知,增设缓流板控制循环比,有助于提高反硝化聚磷菌的富集,有助于提高反硝化吸磷量,同时有助于提高氧化沟工艺的同步脱氮除磷效果。     

植物床-沟壕系统的藻类捕获功能

采用原位实验验证植物床．沟壕系统的藻类捕获功能。结果表明：该系统能够有效拦截和捕获源水藻类。在水力梯度驱动下，约35％源水进入高位小沟流经植物床内部根孔结构而汇至低位小沟。低位小沟内叶绿素a（Chl-a）浓度显著低于高位小沟（P=0．0239），其降低比例为11．1％。以植物床．沟壕系统为结构形式的根孔净化区其出水Chl-a浓度较源水整体下降了27．0％。估算该片根孔净化区捕获藻类鲜生物量约122kg／d。石臼漾湿地共含根孔净化区11片，按供水25万t／d计，估算捕获藻类鲜生物量约1100kg／d。     

Simulation of global warming potential (GWP) from rice fields in the Tai-Lake region,China by coupling 1:50,000 soil database with DNDC model

Quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wetland ecosystems is a relatively new issue in global climate change studies. China has approximately 22% of the world's rice paddies and 38% of the world's rice production, which are crucial to accurately estimate the global warming potential (GWP) at regional scale. This paper reports an application of a biogeochemical model (DeNitrification and DeComposition or DNDC) for quantifying GWP from rice fields in the Tai-Lake region of China. For this application, DNDC is linked to a 1:50,000 soil database, which was derived from 1107 paddy soil profiles compiled during the Second National Soil Survey of China in the 1980–1990s. The simulated results show that the 2.34 Mha of paddy soil cultivated in rice–wheat rotation in the Tai-Lake region emitted about ?1.48 Tg C, 0.84 Tg N and 5.67 Tg C as CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄ respectively, with a cumulative GWP of 565 Tg CO₂ equivalent from 1982 to 2000. As for soil subgroups, the highest GWP (26,900 kg CO₂ equivalent ha^?1 yr^?1) was linked to gleyed paddy soils accounting for about 4.4% of the total area of paddy soils. The lowest GWP (5370 kg CO₂ equivalent ha^?1 yr^?1) was associated with submergenic paddy soils accounting for about 0.32% of the total area of paddy soils. The most common soil in the area was hydromorphic paddy soils, which accounted for about 53% of the total area of paddy soils with a GWP of 12,300 kg CO₂ equivalent ha^?1 yr^?1. On a regional basis, the annual averaged GWP in the polder, Tai-Lake plain, and alluvial plain soil regions was distinctly higher than that in the low mountainous and Hilly soil regions. As for administrative areas, the average annual GWP of counties in Shanghai city was high. Conversely, the average annual GWP of counties in Jiangsu province was low. The high variability in soil properties throughout the Tai-Lake region is important and affects the net greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, the use of detailed soil data sets with high-resolution digital soil maps is essential to improve the accuracy of GWP estimates with process-based models at regional and national scales.