东南景天和玉米套种对Zn污染污泥的处理效应

针对广州等地城市污泥重金属Zn超标的特点,采用植物处理的方法,将超富集重金属的植物东南景天和低累积作物玉米套种在污泥上,希望在减少污泥重金属的同时,使污泥稳定化和获得合格的农产品.试验采用小区直接种植的方式,3个月后测定植物产量和重金属含量以及处理后污泥的变化,并利用室内盆栽试验初步研究了2种植物根系相互作用的机理.小区试验结果表明,与超富集东南景天单独种植相比,套种显著提高了超富集东南景天提取Zn和Cd的效率,Zn含量达9?910 mg·kg^-1,是单种的1.5倍,而且生产出的玉米籽粒重金属含量符合食品和饲料卫生标准,处理后的污泥生物稳定性明显提高.超富集东南景天和玉米半透膜隔开的盆栽套种试验显示,在套种条件下,玉米对促进超富集东南景天吸收更多的重金属的部分原因是玉米根系降低溶液pH和提高DOC以及Zn/Cd浓度,从而可向超富集东南景天一侧输送更多的水溶态Zn/Cd.     

可生物降解螯合剂GLDA诱导东南景天修复重金属污染土壤的研究

化学强化的植物提取技术可以有效地去除污染土壤的重金属.用盆栽试验的方法,研究了可生物降解螯合剂谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸(GLDA)不同用量或者与乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、柠檬酸复配使用对超富集植物东南景天吸收土壤重金属Cd、Zn和Pb的影响.结果表明,施用GLDA提高了东南景天对土壤Cd和Zn的提取效率,GLDA用量为2.5 mmol·kg-1时东南景天对Cd和Zn的提取量最高,分别是对照的2.5倍和2.6倍.螯合剂的总用量为5 mmol·kg-1时,EDTA、柠檬酸分别与GLDA复配,未能进一步促进东南景天对土壤Cd和Zn的提取.上述结果表明,可生物降解螯合剂GLDA在诱导植物修复重金属污染土壤特别是Cd和Zn污染土壤具有明显潜力.     

不同供磷水平对四种超富集植物生长及吸收重金属的影响

本论文通过水培试验研究了以KH2PO4作为磷(P)源在不同浓度(0~45.52 mg·L-1)和以Ca3(PO4)2作为磷(P)源在22.76 mg·L-1对Zn/Cd超富集植物东南景天Sedum alfredii、Zn/Cd/Ni超富集植物遏蓝菜Noccaea caerulescens(两个品种)和Ni超富集植物庭荠属Alyssum murale在20 mg·L-1(Zn)、18 mg·L-1(Ni)、10 mg·L-1(Pb)和0.5 mg·L-1(Cd)胁迫下的生长和吸收重金属的影响.试验结果表明严重缺磷的无磷和磷酸钙源处理显著抑制了这些超富集植物的生长,但4种超富集植物的地上部生物量在11.38、22.76、45.52 mg·L-13个磷水平处理之间均无显著差异.正常营养液的供磷水平(22.76 mg·L-1),S.alfredii对Zn/Cd和N.caerulescen 1号对Zn/Cd/Ni的吸收累积达到最大值,而高浓度的磷素供应(45.52 mg·L-1)显著抑制了这两种植物对相应元素的吸收;A.murale对Ni/Cd/Pb的吸收累积均在高浓度的磷素供应(45.52 mg·L-1)获得最大;增加磷的供应对N.caerulescen 1号吸收累积Zn/Ni/Cd/Pb产生了不同的效应.这些超富集植物提取重金属的最佳供P水平因植物种类而不同.     

植物套种及化学强化对重金属污染土壤的持续修复效果研究

为了研究植物套种和螯合剂施用对重金属污染土壤的长期修复效果以及对地下水可能的环境风险,采集广东省乐昌市铅锌矿开采造成的重金属污染土壤,通过渗滤池(0.9 m×0.9 m×0.9 m)进行了7次植物种植试验(约2.5 a),共设置了单种超富集植物东南景天(Sedum alfredii)、单种低累积玉米(Zea mays,cv.Yunshi-5)、东南景天和玉米套种、以及套种+MC(混合螯合剂,柠檬酸∶味精废液∶EDTA∶KCl摩尔比=10∶1∶2∶3,5 mmol·kg-1)4个处理,连续监测植物、土壤和渗滤液的重金属含量变化.结果表明,东南景天和玉米套种只适合在春夏季进行,套种显著提高植物对Zn和Cd的提取效率;在秋冬季,套种或混合螯合剂均影响东南景天生长,降低了东南景天对Zn和Cd的提取;总体上单种东南景天处理对污染土壤的Zn和Cd的总提取量最大.然而,土壤Zn、Cd和Pb含量降低幅度最大的为套种+MC处理,与初始值相比降低幅度分别为28%、50%和22%,该处理土壤重金属含量的降低,主要归于混合螯合剂作用下重金属向下层土壤迁移.渗滤水监测结果表明,在试验期内,施加混合螯合剂提高渗滤水重金属浓度,但未明显超过地下水Ⅲ级标准.     

土壤改良剂联合间套种技术修复重金属污染土壤:田间试验

在田间条件下,验证通过盆栽试验初步筛选出的几种改良剂在玉米和东南景天间套种修复重金属污染土壤的大田实际应用效果.研究结果表明,施用改良剂蘑菇渣肥、云母和沸石能有效降低玉米籽粒和茎叶中的Cd和Pb,玉米籽粒Cd和Pb含量均达到食用标准.蘑菇渣肥显著增加了东南景天对Cd的提取量,腐植酸显著促进了东南景天对Pb的吸收,因此,蘑菇渣和腐植酸可以应用于玉米和东南景天套种系统.施用云母和沸石可以显著提高土壤pH值,降低土壤可交换态Cd/Pb含量,从而降低二种植物对Cd/Pb的吸收;然而,施用蘑菇渣肥和腐植酸却增加土壤可交换/吸附态Cd/Pb含量.植物根系吸收Cd的稳定常数显示该有机吸附态Cd难于被玉米根系吸收.     

三种植物对铅锌尾矿土壤Pb、Zn和Cd的吸收特性

以铅锌尾矿土壤为栽培基质,采用盆栽试验的方法,研究了玉米、大豆和银合欢对Pb、Zn和Cd的吸收特征。结果表明:(1)地上部Pb和Cd含量分别以银合欢和大豆较大,为(124.4±6.7)和(9.95±0.78)mg/kg;Zn含量以玉米和大豆较大,为(126.0±5.5)和(119.5±5.7)mg/kg。地下部Pb和Zn含量均以大豆最大,分别为(722.5±94.0)和(481.0±46.0)mg/kg;Cd含量以大豆和银合欢较大,为(12.14±0.37)和(11.15±0.47)mg/kg。(2)植物地上部和地下部对Pb、Zn和Cd的吸收量以玉米最大,大豆次之,银合欢最小。(3)三种植物对Pb、Zn和Cd的富集系数和位移系数,以及对Pb和Zn的转运量系数均小于1;玉米和大豆对Cd的转运量系数大于1,银合欢对Cd的转运量系数接近1;三种植物对尾矿土壤Pb、Zn和Cd的净化率极低。(4)三种植物的富集系数、位移系数、转运量系数和净化率均为CdZnPb,表明Cd更易被三种植物吸收和转运到地上部。     

种植密度对镉锌污染土壤伴矿景天植物修复效率的影响

田间微区试验研究了不同种植密度对伴矿景天生长和地上部重金属吸收量的影响.结果表明,适度增大种植密度可促进伴矿景天的生长,显著提高其地上部生物量,但过分密植对植物地上部增产无显著贡献.种植密度由11万株/hm2上升到44万株/hm2时,伴矿景天地上部Cd、Zn吸取量显著上升,分别由0.208 kg.hm-2上升至0.631 kg.hm-2、13.2 kg.hm-2上升至58.7kg.hm-2;但种植密度从44万株/hm2增大到100万株/hm2时,植物地上部重金属吸取量并无显著提高.伴矿景天种植密度为44万株/hm2时,在Cd、Zn分别为(3.04±0.11)mg.kg-1和(1 299±96)mg.kg-1的污染土壤上种植1 a,对镉锌的修复效率分别达21.1%和4.60%,表明选择适宜的密度种植伴矿景天有利于增大植物地上部Cd、Zn吸取量,从而缩短修复时限.     

两种强化措施辅助黑麦草修复重金属污染土壤

在江苏省一高速公路两侧土壤受多种重金属污染的调查研究基础上,实验室模拟了受Cd、Pb、Zn 复合污染土壤,进行黑麦草(Lollummultiflorum Lam.)的90d 盆栽试验,同时采用2 种辅助强化手段(螯合及刈割),探索受多种重金属污染土壤的生物修复可行性.结果表明,当螯合剂-没食子酸的投加浓度达5.0mmol/kg 时,黑麦草对Cd 和Zn 的最大富集系数分别为3.06 与6.36,比对照组分别增加了60.2%与212%.试验结果还表明,刈割可以促进黑麦草对Pb 的吸收,使Pb 的总吸收量增加了34.12%,但并未增加Cd 与Zn 的吸收.     

Zn、Cd单一及复合污染对黑麦草根分泌物及根际Zn、Cd形态的影响

采用根袋土培试验,研究了锌、镉单一及复合污染对重金属富集植物黑麦草生长、锌镉积累、根分泌物及根际Zn、Cd形态的影响.结果表明,锌镉共存下(8 mmol/kg Zn+2 mmol/kg Cd),黑麦草对锌、镉的吸收为协同效应;仅镉污染时(2 mmol/kg Cd),镉对植株吸收锌为抑制效应.黑麦草吸收的锌、镉主要集中在地上部,以锌、镉复合污染时植株地上部对锌、镉的富集量最大,分别达到3 108.72、73.97 mg/kg,具有作为土壤重金属锌、镉污染植物修复材料的潜力.根际的松结合态锌、镉（交换态、碳酸盐结合态和铁锰结合态）含量大于其非根际的松结合态锌、镉含量.Cd污染和Zn、Cd复合污染的根际和非根际土壤镉形态均以交换态>碳酸盐结合态>铁锰结合态>残渣态>有机结合态.Zn污染及Zn、Cd复合污染根际和非根际土壤各锌形态以铁锰结合态>碳酸盐结合态>残渣态>有机结合态>交换态,而Cd污染的根际和非根际的锌形态则以残渣态>铁锰结合态>有机结合态>碳酸盐结合态>交换态.Zn、Cd污染促进了黑麦草根系氨基酸的分泌,降低了根际土壤的pH值,以Zn、Cd复合污染根际土壤氨基酸总量最大,分别为对照、Zn和Cd污染的1.95、1.54和1.40倍,根际土壤的pH值最低(5.18).根际氨基酸含量在重金属胁迫下明显增加,可能与黑麦草适应重金属胁迫有关.根际pH值高于非根际是根际Zn、Cd有效性大于非根际的重要原因.     

套种和化学淋洗联合技术修复重金属污染土壤

联合不同的重金属污染土壤修复技术可以弥补单一措施的不足,其中植物提取联合化学淋洗技术就是有效的途径之一.本研究通过盆栽试验,在东南景天和玉米套种情况下,用不同浓度和种类的混合试剂对土壤进行化学淋洗,测定淋洗液中重金属含量、植物的吸收量以及土壤重金属的剩余量.结果表明,第1季10 mmol.L-1的混合试剂对套种系统淋洗,Zn、Cd的总去除量(植物提取量和淋洗量)最高,两季合计对Zn、Cd的总去除率分别达到6.0%、40.46%,大于单一植物提取.土壤测定结果表明,通过两季(约9个月)套种植物联合淋洗技术处理后,土壤重金属Cd、Zn和Pb的降低率分别达到27.8%～44.6%、12.6%～16.5%和3.6%～5.7%.50 mmol.L-1的混合试剂对套种系统淋洗,会影响后季东南景天的生长,而且淋洗结束后用清水淋洗产生的淋出液浓度高于其他低浓度处理,风险较大.EDDS(乙二胺二琥珀酸)混合试剂亦能促进东南景天吸收Zn和Cd,但不能有效淋洗出土壤中的Pb.在该套种+淋洗联合技术中,Zn、Cd的去除主要靠植物提取,Pb的去除主要靠淋洗,套种+淋洗加快土壤修复,而且可能解决Zn/Cd/Pb复合污染问题.     

Dissolution of different zinc salts and Zn uptake by Sedum alfredii and maize in mono- and co-cropping under hydroponic culture

Previous soil pot and field experiments demonstrated that co-cropping the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii with maize increased Zn phytoextraction by S. alfredii and decreased Zn uptake by maize shoots. This hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate whether the facilitation of Zn phytoextraction by S. alfredii resulted from improved dissolution in this co-cropping system and its relation to root exudates. S. alfredii and maize were mono-and co-cropped (without a root barrier) in nutrient solution spiked with four Zn compounds, ZnS, ZnO, Zn3(PO4)2 and 5ZnO·2CO3·4H2O (represented as ZnCO3 ) at 1000 mg/L Zn for 15 days without renewal of nutrient solution after pre-culture. The root exudates were collected under incomplete sterilization and analyzed. The results indicated that the difference in Zn salts had a greater influence on the Zn concentration in maize than for S. alfredii, varying from 210-2603 mg/kg for maize shoots and 6445-12476 mg/kg for S. alfredii in the same order: ZnCO3 > ZnO >Zn3(PO4)2 > ZnS. For the four kinds of Zn sources in this experiment, co-cropping with maize did not improve Zn phytoextraction by S. alfredii. In most cases, compared to co-cropped and mono-cropped maize, mono-cropped S. alfredii resulted in the highest Zn2+ concentration in the remaining nutrient solution, and also had a higher total concentration of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA) and lower pH of root exudation. Root exudates did partly influence Zn hyperaccumulation in S. alfredii.     

Elemental sulfur effects on Pb and Zn uptake by Indian mustard and winter wheat

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of elemental sulfur to contaminated soil on plant uptake by a heavy metal hyperaccumulator, Indian mustard( Brassica juncea ) and a field crop, winter wheat( Triticum. aestivum). Elemental sulfur(S) with different rates was carried out, they were 0(S0 ), 20(S20 ), 40(S40 ), 80(S80 ), and 160(S160 ) mmol/kg respectively. Extra pots with the same rates of S but without plants were used for soil sampling to monitor pH and CaCl2-extractable heavy metal changes. The results showed that S enhanced phytoextraction of Pb and Zn from contaminated soil. Application S effectively decreased soil pH down to 1.1 as the most at the rate of Sl60. The concentrations of CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn in soil and uptake of Pb and Zn by the plants were increased with soil pH decreased. A good correlation between CaCl2-extractable Pb/Zn and soil pH was found( Rpb^2 = 0.847 and RZn^2 = 0,991, n = 25). With S application, soil CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn concentrations, concentration of Pb and Zn in plants and the amount of removal by plant uptake were significanfly higher than those without S. Under the treatment of S160, the highest CaCl2-extmctable Pb and Zn were observed, they were 4.23 mg/kg and 0.40 mg/kg, 2.7 and 2.0 times as that of the control(So ) respectively. At the highest rates of S( Sl~0 ), both Indian mustard and winter wheat reached the highest uptake of Pb and Zn. The highest Pb concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 32.8 mg/kg and 537.0 mg/kg, all 1.8 times as that of the control, and the highest Zn concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 215.5 mg/kg and 404.0 mg/kg, 2.4 and 2.0 times as that of the control respectively. The highest removals of Pb and Zn from the contaminated soil were 0.41 rag/pot and 0.31 nag/pot by Indian mustard in the treatment of S160 through 50 days growth.     

不同碳酸盐岩对铅锌冶炼废渣-黑麦草体系中重金属迁移的影响

为探究岩溶环境制约下贵州喀斯特地区广泛存在的碳酸盐岩对铅锌冶炼废渣-黑麦草体系中重金属生物有效性的影响,本文以黔西北土法炼锌废渣为研究对象,通过盆栽实验向改良后的废渣中施加两种典型天然碳酸盐岩(石灰岩、白云岩)及其主要成分的化学品(碳酸钙、碳酸镁),经种植黑麦草培育3个月后分析废渣基质中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd等重金属的形态变化与植物富集转运系数。结果表明:处理前铅锌废渣中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的总量分别为17 682、8 427.2、2 066、174.8 mg/kg,Cd的酸溶态比例最高,环境风险较大。与对照相比,施用天然碳酸盐岩(石灰岩、白云岩)或其主要化学成分的化学品(碳酸钙、碳酸镁)后均显著降低了铅锌废渣中酸溶态Cu、Pb、Cd的比例并增加了残渣态Zn的比例,5种添加物(石灰岩、白云岩、钙盐、镁盐、混合碳酸钙镁)施用均不同程度地增加了铅锌废渣中残渣态Cd的含量。添加量为4g/kg(即0.4%)时,与对照相比,5种添加物使黑麦草根和叶片中重金属Cd分别降低了3.62%～29.54%和28.21%～43.59%。冗余分析表明,根中Ca、Mg与酸溶态Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd呈显著性负相关;两种典型碳酸盐岩(石灰岩和白云岩)及其主要成分的化学品添加形成的岩溶环境制约下,铅锌冶炼废渣-黑麦草体系中多种重金属的生物有效性受到明显抑制,可有效减弱其上所种植物黑麦草对重金属的吸收。相关结果对喀斯特地区矿冶废渣堆场重金属污染的原位控制、矿山复垦及生态修复具有一定的理论参考和实践价值。     

Modified accumulation of selected heavy metals in Bt transgenic rice

Safety assessment of genetically modified crops generally does not take into account the potential hazard of altered patterns of heavy metal accumulation in plants. A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the impact of heavy metal amendments on the accumulation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in a Bt transgenic rice Ke-Ming-Dao (KMD) and its wild-type Xiushui 11 (Xs11). In control soils, significant di erence was only found in contents of Cu (p < 0.01) and Pb (p < 0.05) in straw between KMD and Xs11. At three levels of Cd amendments (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg), the Cd contents in grain and straw of KMD were significantly higher than those of Xs11, and all grain Cd contents were significantly higher than the International Criteria (0.2–0.4 mg/kg) as specified by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). These results implied that it may be unsafe for growing Bt transgenic rice in heavily Cd-polluted areas. No significant di erence in Zn was found between the two varieties with the exception of roots at Zn amendment level of 600 mg/kg, while Pb contents in KMD were much higher in the straw at the lead amendment level of 1000 mg/kg and in the root at 250 mg Pb/kg. Data on the heavy metal accumulation patterns for the genetically modified rice may be used for the selection of growing areas as well as for plant residue management for Bt rice.     

丛枝菌根菌丝对重金属元素Zn和Cd吸收的研究

丛枝菌根菌丝对重金属元素Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ吸收的研究陶红群李晓林张俊伶（中国农业大学资源与环境学院，北京１０００９４）关键词丛枝菌根；锌；镉．近年来，由于工业排放及一些农业措施（如污灌等）造成许多土壤中重金属元素的污染．其中锌和镉是两个较为重要的重金属污染...