皂角苷络合洗脱污灌土壤中重金属的研究

选择白银污灌土样为供试样品,采用振荡离心法研究了生物表面活性剂皂角苷(saponin)在不同浓度、pH值和离子强度条件下对供试土样中重金属的解吸影响,并采用Tessier法对解吸前后土样中的重金属形态进行了测定.结果显示,随皂角苷浓度增加,重金属解吸率随之增加,在皂角苷浓度为3%时,Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn解吸率分别达到43.87%、95.11%、83.54%和20.34%,而水及合成表面活性剂单独冲洗对重金属解吸率最大不超过5%;并且发现随土壤pH值增加,重金属解吸率逐渐减小;离子强度对Pb、Zn影响不大,而Cu、Cd随离子强度增大解吸率减小.比较冲洗前后重金属形态的变化,发现Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn元素的可溶态、碳酸盐结合态减少均达50%以上,Pb残渣态也减少60%左右,并且重金属氧化物结合态和有机态含量也有减少.说明皂角苷与重金属形成稳定的可溶性络合物,大大降低了土壤对重金属的吸附,从而降低了土壤中重金属的毒性和生物可利用性,表明皂角苷对污灌土样中重金属具有较好的淋洗去除效果.     

高速公路路面径流沉降过程中重金属去除特性

在对南京机场高速公路令桥段2008年2月~2009年2月15场降雨事件初期路面径流进行自由沉降试验的基础上,考察了自由沉降过程中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb 4种重金属的去除率随时间的变化特征.同时,重点分析了重金属去除与截留沉速和悬浮固体(SS)去除的关系,并探讨了降雨特征和径流pH值对重金属去除特性的影响.结果表明,沉降开始30min内Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb去除率增长迅速,30min去除率均占2h总去除率的60%以上.Pb的2h平均去除率最高,可达25.62％,Cu、Cd和Zn的2h平均去除率分别为21.20%、19.97%和19.10%.同一重金属的沉降去除率每提高10%,截留沉速范围及上限值减少5倍左右.截留沉速相同时,Pb的去除效果最好,Cd、Cu、Zn的去除效果相差不大.SS与Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb沉降去除率之间的相关性存在差异,Pb多数以颗粒态形式存在,因而SS与Pb沉降去除率相关系数最大,其相关系数为0.8126(p=0.0002）;SS与Cd、Cu、Zn沉降去除率的相关系数分别为0.6871、0.6804、0.7653.路面径流pH值对重金属去除特性的影响显著,与4种重金属沉降去除率均呈正相关,且与Zn、Cd、Pb的相关系数均大于0.5;Zn主要以溶解态形式存在,因而Zn沉降去除率受pH值影响最明显,两者在0.05水平上显著相关(p=0.029).     

重金属离子与典型离子型有机污染物的络合效应研究

采用自动电位滴定法,研究了水环境中4种常见的重金属离子Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+、Cd2+与环丙沙星、磺胺甲基嘧啶和全氟辛酸的络合效应.测定了3种有机物与4种金属离子的络合常数logK值,计算了各种络合物在不同pH值下的形态分布. 结果表明,Cu2+与环丙沙星能形成较为稳定的络合物Cu(cip±)2+、Cu(cip±)22+、Cu(cip-·cip±)+,其络合能力要远强于Pb2+、Zn2+、Cd2+,前者形成的络合常数要比后三者高出3个数量级.4种金属离子与磺胺甲基嘧啶均有一定的络合能力,但稳定常数差别不大.全氟辛酸分子中由于带有较多的电负性强的F,表现出强酸的性质,与4种金属离子未见明显的络合作用.     

磁性竹基炭对Pb2+、Cd2+与Cu2+的吸附机理研究

采用微波辐照技术,以枯竹子为碳源制备了磁性竹基炭(BBMC),并将其用于对重金属离子Pb2+、Cd2+与Cu2+的吸附去除.同时,分析了吸附时间、pH值、离子强度及初始金属离子浓度等条件对吸附的影响,讨论了BBMC对3种金属离子的吸附特性与吸附机理.结果表明,金属离子在BBMC上的吸附符合Langmuir等温模式和准二级动力学吸附方程;吸附的机理可归结为金属阳离子与BBMC上的H+之间的离子交换作用,且吸附能力可能与金属离子半径有关,呈现出Pb2+Cd2+Cu2+的趋势,重金属离子Pb2+、Cd2+与Cu2+的最大平衡吸附量分别为16.2、14.0和9.5 mg·g-1.     

亚氨基二琥珀酸修复重金属污染土壤及环境风险削减评估

以亚氨基二琥珀酸（ISA）为洗脱剂,考察ISA投加量、洗脱液pH值、反应时间和土液比对Cd、Pb和Zn去除率影响,通过Box-Behnken多因素设计法优化最佳洗脱条件,并采用涵盖土壤重金属残留量、浸出浓度和毒性的综合环境风险法评估修复效果.结果表明,ISA对Cd、Pb和Zn去除率随其浓度增加而增加;ISA浓度为50mmol/L时,对矿山污染土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn去除率达到11.83%、34.26%和20.96%;对污染农田土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn去除率达到48.89%、57.08%和81.80%.增加反应时间和洗脱液酸性有助于提高ISA对Cd、Pb和Zn去除率.随土液比减低,Cd、Pb和Zn去除率呈上升趋势.ISA去除Cd、Pb和Zn最佳条件为：ISA浓度70mmol/L、洗脱液pH4.0和反应时间120min,预测矿山土壤和污染农田土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn总去除率最大分别为32.58%和93.16%.ISA大幅度降低水溶态、可交换态和碳酸盐结合态Cd、Pb和Zn残留量,从而削减矿山土壤和污染农田土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn总环境风险达50.81%和87.13%.亚氨基二琥珀酸可有效去除污染土壤中重金属并降低残留重金属的环境风险,是一种潜在材料可用于土壤重金属污染修复.     

亚氨基二琥珀酸修复重金属污染土壤及环境风险削减评估

以亚氨基二琥珀酸（ISA）为洗脱剂,考察ISA投加量、洗脱液pH值、反应时间和土液比对Cd、Pb和Zn去除率影响,通过Box-Behnken多因素设计法优化最佳洗脱条件,并采用涵盖土壤重金属残留量、浸出浓度和毒性的综合环境风险法评估修复效果.结果表明,ISA对Cd、Pb和Zn去除率随其浓度增加而增加;ISA浓度为50mmol/L时,对矿山污染土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn去除率达到11.83%、34.26%和20.96%;对污染农田土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn去除率达到48.89%、57.08%和81.80%.增加反应时间和洗脱液酸性有助于提高ISA对Cd、Pb和Zn去除率.随土液比减低,Cd、Pb和Zn去除率呈上升趋势.ISA去除Cd、Pb和Zn最佳条件为：ISA浓度70mmol/L、洗脱液pH4.0和反应时间120min,预测矿山土壤和污染农田土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn总去除率最大分别为32.58%和93.16%.ISA大幅度降低水溶态、可交换态和碳酸盐结合态Cd、Pb和Zn残留量,从而削减矿山土壤和污染农田土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn总环境风险达50.81%和87.13%.亚氨基二琥珀酸可有效去除污染土壤中重金属并降低残留重金属的环境风险,是一种潜在材料可用于土壤重金属污染修复.     

烷基糖苷对土壤中重金属的去除研究

通过振荡分离实验研究了烷基糖苷(APG)对土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的去除作用,考察了烷基糖苷淋洗液的pH值、浓度、离子强度等对重金属去除率的影响,并对烷基糖苷处理前后土壤中重金属的形态进行了分析.结果显示,烷基糖苷对土壤中重金属的去除率受淋洗液pH值的影响且随淋洗液浓度的增加上升,当烷基糖苷淋洗液的pH为52、浓度...     

毛木耳对Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)生物吸附的动力学和吸附平衡研究

以毛木耳(Auriculariapol ytricha)子实体为生物吸附材料,研究起始pH值、反应时间、重金属浓度这3个因素对毛木耳子实体吸附Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+的影响及其吸附特性.结果表明,pH是影响毛木耳子实体吸附重金属离子的主要因素,最适起始pH值为5;在10mg·L-1重金属浓度下,毛木耳子实体对Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+的最大吸附率分别为94.12%、96.22%、99.94%、99.19%;准二阶动力学模型比准一阶动力学模型能更好地描述毛木耳子实体对4种重金属的吸附过程;Langmuir等温模型能较好地拟合毛木耳子实体对4种重金属的等温吸附过程;毛木耳子实体对Cd2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+的最大吸附量分别为10.09、8.36、23.57和3.64mg.g-1;毛木耳子实体吸附Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+的化学反应机理可能为离子交换反应.     

超声辅助EDDS/EGTA淋洗对土壤重金属形态、环境风险的影响及响应面优化

采用响应面法实验设计研究了超声辅助EDDS/EGTA淋洗对Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd等不同重金属的洗脱效果和对残留重金属化学形态分布的影响,以超声功率、初始pH、EDDS投加量、EGTA投加量作为考察对象,以各重金属去除率及其环境风险削减率为响应值进行了模拟和优化.结果表明,EDDS对Pb的洗脱效率最高,Cu、Zn次之,Cd最低;EGTA对Cd的洗脱效率最高,Pb、Zn次之,Cu最低;超声功率对Cu、Pb去除强化效果明显,对Cd影响小,对Zn无显著影响;初始pH值为酸性时,Cu和Zn去除率高,碱性时Pb去除率较高,Cd去除率有所下降.EDDS与EGTA投加量及EGTA投加量与初始pH值对环境风险总削减率存在交互作用.超声辅助EDDS/EGTA对可还原态重金属洗脱效果较好,但容易导致弱酸提取态Cu和Pb残留率有所升高.响应面优化结果表明,当EDDS和EGTA投加量分别为重金属总摩尔数的1.92和2.56倍、超声功率为600 W、淋洗液初始pH值为5.27时,环境风险总削减率达到77.58%,与模拟值相近,模型具有较好的模拟和预测能力.     

硫化物沉淀法处理含EDTA的重金属废水

在运用MINTEQA2模型对模拟重金属废水和EDTA萃取液中重金属离子形态进行分析的基础上,选用Na₂S沉淀法处理含EDTA的重金属废水. 结果表明:没有含EDTA的重金属废水,Cd2＋,Cu2＋,Pb2＋和Zn2＋是重金属离子的主要形态;而在含EDTA的模拟重金属废水和重金属萃取液中,重金属络合物是重金属离子的主要形态. 在c(EDTA)为0的条件下,Cd2＋,Cu2＋和Pb2＋的去除率达到100%,而Zn2＋的去除率仅为57.0%;随着c(EDTA)的增加,相同c(Na₂S)对废水中重金属的去除率逐渐下降. 在一定c(EDTA)的条件下,废水中重金属的去除率随着c(Na₂S)的增加而增加;但是在相同c(Na₂S)的条件下,Zn2＋的去除率较Cd2＋,Cu2＋和Pb2＋低. 工程实例进一步表明,Na₂S能够有效去除含EDTA重金属萃取液中的重金属离子,而完全去除Zn2＋则需要高浓度的Na₂S.      

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.