餐厨垃圾中温干式厌氧消化污泥的流变特性研究

以半连续式和序批式餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产生的污泥为研究对象,考察温度(T)、含固率(TS)和剪切速率(γ)对消化污泥流变性的影响.使用旋转粘度计测定污泥动力粘度,测定时温度范围20~70℃,消化污泥TS分别为21.41%~29.54%(半连续式)、12.09%~22.48%(序批式).试验结果表明:污泥流动性随温度升高而增强,随温度降低而减弱,且温度变化会对污泥流变性造成不可逆的影响;同一剪切速率下,污泥的动力粘度随TS含量增高而变大;粘度曲线说明厌氧消化污泥为非牛顿流体,具有剪切变稀的特点;通过剪切应力的上升曲线和下降曲线可判断厌氧消化污泥为时间相关性流体,动力粘度-时间曲线进一步说明污泥为触变性流体;TS12%时,有必要设置搅拌系统,剪切速率控制在10.4~20.9 s-1较为合适;污泥的TS含量越高,温度、TS和剪切对流变性的影响越明显.试验可为厌氧消化反应器的搅拌系统和热交换系统设计提供一定的基础数据.     

低温热水解处理对污泥流变特性的影响

流变特性对污泥处理至关重要,广泛应用于厌氧消化反应器、泵送运输、热交换器及污泥脱水等的设计。系统研究了低温热水解预处理对污泥流变特性的影响,结果表明:热水解过程中COD增溶与热历时呈对数关系。热水解48h后污泥的流变曲线均符合Power law模型,流动性显著增强。低剪切速率范围内热水解污泥的黏度较原污泥有所降低,但在高剪切速率范围内黏度却略有增加。热水解后污泥极限黏度的增大与s COD(溶解性化学需氧量)的释放呈线性关系,表明污泥流变有望成为评价热水解效率的新工具。热处理造成的污泥极限黏度、流变指数(n)的增大及稠度系数(k)的降低与温度均呈直线关系。当热水解温度为80℃时,n值增大、k值降低与热历时均呈良好的对数关系。     

零价铁对厌氧消化过程中氨氮抑制解除的影响

氨氮抑制是影响高含固有机固体废弃物厌氧消化产甲烷效率的重要因素.本研究通过实验室批量实验,考察了微米级零价铁对剩余污泥、热水解污泥厌氧消化的影响以及对高氨氮抑制解除的影响.结果表明,投加4 g·L~(-1)和10 g·L~(-1)零价铁对剩余污泥、热水解污泥厌氧消化过程中的产甲烷速率、迟滞时间和产甲烷潜势等动力学特征均未有影响.但是,在高氨氮抑制的厌氧消化过程中, 4 g·L~(-1)和10 g·L~(-1)的零价铁投加可使厌氧消化受氨氮抑制的产甲烷迟滞时间由对照组的18.61 d分别缩短为17.22 d和16.18 d,最大产甲烷速率(以VS计)由对照组的6.34 mL·(d·g)~(-1)提升为7.84 mL·(d·g)~(-1)和7.39 mL·(d·g)~(-1).零价铁并未通过化学反应对厌氧消化的pH缓冲体系产生直接影响,而是使氨氮抑制后的产甲烷优势古菌Methanosarcina的相对丰度(27 d)由对照组的30.71%提升到53.50%和60.30%.本研究证明了零价铁并不能提升污泥产甲烷潜势,而只是在受抑制影响的厌氧消化过程中,刺激产甲烷微生物的代谢活性,强化如氨氮抑制影响的快速解除.     

污泥碱解和超声破解预处理的效果研究

为提高污水厂污泥的厌氧消化速率,采用多频率多功率槽式超声发生器,研究了超声波、碱解、以及两者的组合作用对污泥破解预处理效果的影响.结果表明,碱和超声波的组合预处理方式,对污泥溶解性COD的释放效果和VSS减少效果明显优于单独的超声波和单独的碱处理.单独超声预处理,污泥VSS的最大减少率为15.98%;单独碱解(NaOH/TS=0.04)时为22.12%;先碱解(NaOH/TS:0.04,24 h),再超声(60 min)以及碱(NaOH/TS=0.04)和超声(60 min)同时作用的预处理方式,可将污泥VSS减少率分别提高到51.45%和54.45%.破解作用引起污泥的水解分为快速水解和缓慢水解2个阶段,对快速水解阶段进行动力学分析可知,同时采用碱和超声的预处理方式不但可以获得最高的水解速率,而且降低了碱的投加量,缩短了超声破解的时间.     

碱辅助条件下的污泥微波热水解特性研究

向污泥中加入NaOH进行微波热水解实验.结果表明,每1 g污泥悬浮固体(SS)添加NaOH 0.1 g时,污泥中的挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)快速水解,170℃的VSS溶解率达到60%以上,热水解后污泥的有机物含量(VSS/SS)降低至25%.80、120、150和170℃热水解5 min的污泥液相COD浓度分别为9.8、12.8、15.1和14.5 g/L,相应SCOD/TCOD为24.0%、31.3%、36.9%和35.6%.随温度的升高和时间的延长热水解污泥pH越低,最低值10.5.在每1 g SS添加0~0.2g NaOH的范围内,当添加量0.05 g时,VSS和SS的溶解率增加幅度降低.分别对NaOH添加量0.05 g热水解5 min和添加量0.1 g热水解1 min的污泥进行BMP厌氧消化实验.结果表明,添加量为0.05 g时热水解污泥的厌氧消化性能提高,经150℃处理污泥的产气量最大,比未处理污泥高28.5%,而在添加量为0.1 g时,污泥的厌氧消化性能受到抑制,产气量低于未处理污泥.     

农村污水处理强化ABR污泥流变及微生物种群特性研究

研究了强化厌氧折流板反应器（强化ABR）在稳定运行期对农村污水的处理效果以及反应器不同格室内污泥的表观形态、流变及微生物种群特性.结果表明：强化ABR对进水COD的平均去除率达81.05%,其中第1、2格室对进水COD去除起主要作用.反应器不同格室内污泥表观形态存在一定差异,第1、2格室污泥表面微生物以球菌和杆菌为主,第3、4格室则以丝状菌为主;不同格室内污泥剪切应力随剪切速率呈指数增加趋势,而黏度则随着剪切速率的增加而减小,且逐渐趋近一定值.反应器不同格室内的优势细菌以水解、酸化菌为主,而优势古细菌以乙酸型产甲烷菌和氢营养型产甲烷菌为主,优势细菌和古细菌在不同格室内的分布均存在一定差异.研究结果可为强化ABR在农村污水处理中的应用提供科学依据.     

污泥厌氧消化系统消化原料流变特性研究

考察了4种污泥厌氧消化原料的流变特性,研究了原料浓度、温度以及添加餐厨垃圾等因素对污泥流变特性的影响,以期为厌氧消化工艺的设计及设备选用提供基础参数.试验结果表明,脱水污泥、脱水污泥与餐厨垃圾混合物、剩余污泥、剩余污泥与餐厨垃圾混合物4种原料均为假塑性流体,且符合幂律方程.随消化原料固体浓度由1%增至10%,原料黏度升高.剩余污泥和剩余污泥与餐厨垃圾混合物在TS=3%时流变指数最大,而脱水污泥和脱水污泥与餐厨垃圾混合物在TS=5%时流变指数最大.添加餐厨垃圾可以改善污泥的流变特性,使得混合液的流变指数较纯污泥有不同程度的升高,使其更接近牛顿流体.随着温度由15℃升高到55℃,4种原料的黏度呈线性趋势降低,流变指数则逐渐升高,其中脱水污泥的黏度对温度变化最为敏感.     

“热水解-高温厌氧消化”工艺处理高含固率剩余污泥的中试研究

采取热水解(70℃)-高温厌氧消化工艺处理高固含率(8%~9%)的剩余污泥(中试).该工艺利用SRT为3 d的热水解促进细胞溶解以及高温厌氧消化加快污泥消化速率,有机物去除能力较强,并获得了较好的污泥稳定化效果.当厌氧消化的SRT在20 d以上时,总VSS去除率达到42.22%以上,且VSS去除率与厌氧消化的SRT呈线性正相关,相关系数达到0.915 3.在实际应用中,推荐高温厌氧消化的SRT为25 d.当停留时间接近时,本工艺与运行良好的传统污泥厌氧消化工程(含固率3%~5%)以及采用德国技术的高固消化工程的有机物去除率和甲烷产率相当.     

热水解预处理剩余污泥的有机物分布及厌氧消化特性

研究了热水解后剩余污泥中有机物分布以及热水解对污泥厌氧消化效果的影响。剩余污泥经过热水解处理后,VSS含量从51. 0%降低至42. 7%,溶解性COD占总COD的比例从0. 5%提高至33. 5%;进一步厌氧消化时,总COD和VS降解率分别提高至35%和41%,甲烷产率提高至0. 25 L/g,累积甲烷产量比未热水解的污泥提高了101. 2%。脱水污泥液累积甲烷产量占热水解污泥甲烷产量的59%,是厌氧消化所产甲烷的主要来源,而脱水泥饼COD转化成甲烷的比例相对较低。根据剩余污泥热水解后液相和固相有机物的厌氧消化特性差异,提出了基于热水解的污泥厌氧消化工艺优化方案。     

超声联合低温热水解促进剩余污泥破解和厌氧消化的研究

为了探索超声和低温热水解预处理技术对剩余污泥厌氧消化性能的影响,进行了单独超声、单独热水解和二者联合的实验研究.以温度和超声能量为控制参数,研究了不同预处理技术对污泥破解度DD（Disintegration degree of SCOD）和有机质溶出的影响.结果表明：联合预处理技术对DD和有机质浓度的增加效果比超声和热水解单独作用之和分别高4.04%、36.62mg/L. DD和实际输入能量之间存在较高的线性相关性（R²=0.977）,即在本研究条件下,输入能量越高,污泥破解效果越好.超声和热水解联合预处理后污泥厌氧消化产甲烷量较原泥增加了30.2%～55.4%.DD和厌氧消化性能之间存在二次非线性关系（R²=0.821）,且厌氧消化性能最高达到877.76LCH₄/kg VSS去除,该峰值出现在超声能量12000kJ/kg TS和热水解温度80℃联合作用条件下.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.