饮水氟化安全性与有效性的争论

关于饮水氟化在学术界存在着两个对立的观点,一是支持,一是反对。支持饮水氟化者认为它不仅可有效的减少龋齿的发病率,还是最经济的预防龋齿的措施,适当地实施这一措施不会产生氟斑牙等氟中毒现象;反对饮水氟化者认为人体氟来源是多样的,过量氟对人体具有毒性,饮水氟化具有氟中毒的潜在危险。国内外大量的研究与观察已经证明,存在着一个既不造成氟斑牙流行又最大限度地发挥氟的防龋作用的饮水氟浓度。由于人种、地域、气候和饮食生活习惯的不同,在不同地区不同季节的饮用水氟含量应不同。目前,全国性的饮水氟含量与居民口腔健康的相关性的研究还基本处于空白阶段,因此在全国范围内进行这方面的研究是我国各城市饮水氟化防龋研究的基础。     

我国热带地区胶-茶-鸡农林复合系统物质循环研究

以海南省文昌市典型的胶-茶-鸡农林复合模式为研究对象 ,以单作胶园、胶茶间作园为对照 ,采用定量研究与定性分析相结合的方法 ,研究其物质循环规律。结果表明 ,胶-茶-鸡农林复合系统的氮、磷输入、输出量最大 ,系统外物质投入率比另两系统明显减少 ,系统内养分循环量增加 ,因此 ,该系统具有较合理的物质循环结构。     

我国热带地区胶—茶—鸡农林复合系统物质循环研究

以海南省文昌市典型的胶—茶—鸡农林复合模式为研究对象 ,以单作胶园、胶茶间作园为对照 ,采用定量研究与定性分析相结合的方法 ,研究其物质循环规律。结果表明 ,胶—茶—鸡农林复合系统的氮、磷输入、输出量最大 ,系统外物质投入率比另两系统明显减少 ,系统内养分循环量增加 ,因此 ,该系统具有较合理的物质循环结构。     

水稻秸秆及茶饼粉厌氧发酵产沼气的研究

以活性污泥为接种物,以茶饼粉和水稻秸秆为发酵原料,在严格控制发酵温度(37±1℃)的条件下进行厌氧发酵产沼气的研究。研究结果表明:以茶饼粉为发酵原料厌氧发酵的累积产气量和甲烷含量最高(分别为5305 mL,66.13%),以水稻秸秆为发酵原料的各项指标次之(分别为3759 mL,63.24%),对照组的最低,实验组的累积产气量比对照组提高124.1%,58.81%,甲烷含量分别比对照组提高20.30%,15.04%。分析秸秆及茶饼粉发酵前后各种料液成分,发现秸秆中木质素和纤维素降解率达到28.74%和11.18%;茶饼粉中糖脂类蛋白的含量相比原料减少了26.79%、37.79%和40.12%。     

贵州名优茶产区土壤-茶叶中重金属污染及迁移

选择贵州省云雾、都匀、湄潭3个典型名优茶产区,采集土壤和茶叶样品进行重金属检测分析。结果表明:贵州省茶园土壤主要重金属污染元素为Cd和Hg,3个茶产区中,湄潭茶产区土壤Cd的超标率最高,达到39.4%,都匀茶产区土壤Hg超标率最高,为24.2%。土壤Cd平均含量表现为都匀茶产区>湄潭茶产区>云雾茶产区,超标率表现为湄潭茶产区>都匀茶产区>云雾茶产区;土壤Hg含量和超标率均表现为都匀茶产区>湄潭茶产区>云雾茶产区。贵州省3个典型名优茶产区茶叶重金属含量均低于国家标准限量,茶叶中Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb含量随土壤中Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb含量增大而增大,不同重金属在茶叶中的富集系数为Cd>Hg>Cu>Pb>Cr>As。     

谁来守卫古茶树?

"神农尝百草,日遇七十二毒,得茶而解之……",茶的发现和利用始于上古,距今已五六千年.但与茶树的历史相比,实在难称悠久.据植物学家考证,茶树起源至今已六七万年.现存的古茶树、古茶园是研究茶树的起源、利用,及茶文化不可多得的活标本.     

“胶茶人工群落的研究与推广”成果可喜

在海南岛20万亩胶茶人工群落的生产基地上,排列整齐的橡胶、茶树郁郁葱葱,生长旺盛。胶工们开割的一棵棵胶树上,流着乳白的胶汁,女工们采摘着鲜嫩的茶叶,一片笑语欢声,生机盎然。这就是中国科学院云南热带植物研究所与海南农垦局协作进行的《胶茶人工群落的研究与推广》取得的可喜成果。二十多年的研究与实践证明,这项研究成果是成功的。仅以推广的20万亩计算,每年胶、茶的增产值可为国家增收四千万元;以一个生产周期(约30年)计算,可比单胶林增加十二亿元收入。热带多层多种人工群落研究,是热带雨林生态系统研究的继续和发展,它把热带雨林这     

基于二污普数据果菜茶畜禽粪污氮承载评估

为评估我国各省份果菜茶种植对当地畜禽粪污承载消纳能力,基于各省份果菜茶产量数据与第二次全国污染源普查结果分别核算了畜禽粪肥氮需求量和供给量,以粪肥替代化肥比率为0.4和0.5两种情景评估了各省份果菜茶种植粪肥氮承载消纳情况.结果表明:①全国果菜茶种植氮素平均需求量为358.7 kg/hm2,畜禽养殖业粪肥氮素产生量为463.3×104 t,供给量为277.97×104 t.果菜茶单位种植面积粪肥氮素供给量全国平均值为126.37 kg/hm2.②粪肥替代化肥比率为0.4时,全国果菜茶单位种植面积粪肥氮养分需求量为143.5 kg/hm2,各省份粪肥氮养分承载压力系数在0.21~2.99之间,平均值为0.78.③粪肥替代化肥比率为0.5时,全国果菜茶单位种植面积粪肥氮养分需求量为179 kg/hm2,各省份粪肥氮养分承载压力系数在0.17~2.39之间,平均值为0.63.研究显示,粪肥替代化肥比率在0.4和0.5条件下,全国大部分省份畜禽粪肥氮养分提供量未超过本区域果菜茶种植的肥料所需.各省份畜禽养殖业可提供的粪污全部用于区域内果菜茶作物施肥,全国有22个省份粪肥替代化肥的比率在0.4之内.      

茶灰净化重金属废水的研究

一、材料和方法本试验以制茶过程的废弃物——茶灰为固体吸附剂,它需经福尔马林、酸、碱等处理后方能使用;并以杭州滚镀厂的电镀废水为试验水样。在不同的条件下用茶灰处理电镀废水,测定并比较原水样和各处理出水中的铜、锌、镍和铬的含量。     

废茶枝叶对黏土中六价铬的吸附作用

研究废茶枝叶中茶多酚对Cr(Ⅵ)在黏土介质中的吸附作用。探讨pH、反应时间、废茶枝叶投加量、反应温度等因素对反应的影响,确定最佳反应条件。简述了茶多酚、Cr(Ⅵ)和黏土之间相互作用的机理。结果表明:在含Cr(Ⅵ)的黏土中投加废茶枝叶时,黏土对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附能力明显增强,作用机理主要是在中性条件下茶多酚将Cr(Ⅵ)还原为Cr(Ⅲ),并与Cr(Ⅲ)形成配合物,该络合物与黏土颗粒有较强的结合能力,增强了黏土对铬的固定作用。     

安徽省饮用水中氟化物含量及健康风险分析

分析了安徽省不同地区231个随机样点饮用水中氟化物含量及其健康风险.结果表明,饮用水中氟化物含量为0.12~1.94mg/L,平均0.57mg/L,其中淮北平原区(0.85mg/L)>大别山地区(0.42mg/L)≈江淮丘陵区(0.41mg/L)>沿江平原区(0.34 mg/L)>皖南山区(0.24mg/L). 61.85%的饮用水中氟化物含量小于0.50mg/L,24.89%在0.50~1.0mg/L之间,12.05%在1.01~1.50mg/L之间,1.21%高于1.5mg/L.不同地区居民每人每天饮水摄氟总量为0.26~4.3mg (以2.2L饮水量计).江淮丘陵、皖西大别山、沿江平原和皖南山区饮水摄氟总量全部低于我国生活饮用水卫生标准推荐的最低限量,应采取饮茶或饮水加氟措施增加摄氟量,而在淮北平原区亳州市部分样点氟化物摄入量超过了我国生活饮用水卫生标准推荐的最高限量,宜采取降氟饮水方法减少人体摄氟量.     

No evidence for an afrotherian-like delayed dental eruption in South American notoungulates

The fossil South American ungulates are of great interest relative to the new phylogenetic framework elaborated for living placental mammals. In particular, studies on these endemic taxa can allow for testing congruence between southern placental phylogeny and plate tectonics, beyond what has already been suggested in the Atlantogenata hypothesis based on extant afrotherians and xenarthrans. The presence of delayed dental eruption relative to skull growth is one feature characterizing the extant afrotherians and possibly the xenarthrans. Late dental eruption has been mentioned previously in South American notoungulates, thus suggesting possible resemblance with afrotherians and perhaps xenarthrans. We provide here a detailed study of the dental eruption pattern relative to the skull growth in the notoungulates. In contrast to previous statements, our results demonstrate that there is currently no evidence for an afrotherian-like delayed dental eruption in this group. For now, the inferred absence of a delayed dental eruption in notoungulates does not support atlantogenatan/afrotherian affinities for the Notoungulata, but other atlantogenatan/afrotherian characteristics remain to be explored in more detail in this group and other South American ungulates.     

安徽省地下水水资源特征与水环境问题

由于人类工程、经济活动对天然水体的改造作用以及地下水资源不合理的开发而产生环境地质问题。淮北地区阜阳、界首、淮北等城市由于超采深层地下水而形成区域性地下水位下降、产生地面沉降。两淮矿区、沿江铜陵等矿区由于采矿疏干排水和开采岩溶水造成地下水枯竭、水资源污染、因地下水位下降而引发岩溶、土洞塌陷。淮北的界首-利辛-固镇一线以北地区由于区域高氟水分布而引发地带性氟病和龋齿等疾病,大别山区和皖南地区因地形切割强烈,地下水径流排泄条件好,水交替快,水碘含量低,导致地方性甲状腺肿流行。淮河、巢湖水污染严重。江淮分水岭地区和淮北地区区域性缺水。水资源短缺、水污染严重以及各种水环境问题严重,破坏了人类赖以生存的生态环境。     

Neuro-muskuläre Wechselwirkungen Ansätze zur biochemisch-genetischen Analyse

The analysis of hereditary neuro-muscular diseases in the mouse and in other vertebrates may contribute to our understanding of the developmental interactions between spinal cord and sceletal muscle. Meaningful biochemical analysis must be preceded by “biological mixing experiments” to demonstrate whether a given mutation is cell-autonomous, and, if so, which cell type caries the primary defect. Techniques are available to carry out the critical experiment in vivo (artificial chimaeras) or in culture.     

Asian gliriform origin for arctostylopid mammals

Arctostylopids are common in Late Palaeocene and Early Eocene mammal faunas of Asia, but they are rare in North America. From the time of their first discovery, arctostylopids were grouped with the strictly endemic South American Notoungulata based on their strikingly similar dental morphology. This relationship was challenged based on dental morphology of more recently discovered arctostylopids and on supposed tarsal morphology (based on unassociated material) of the Asian arctostylopid Palaeostylops. Therefore, Arctostylopidae were placed in a separate order, Arctostylopida, of enigmatic affinities. Many authors, however, continue to unite Arctostylopidae and Notoungulata based on dental similarities. In the Late Palaeocene Subeng site in Inner Mongolia, we identified the Palaeostylops tarsals based on their size and abundance. This identification is supported by comparison to unpublished Arctostylops tarsals from the North American Clarkforkian, derived from a semi-articulated skeleton also including dental material. Tarsal morphology shows moderate similarity to the gliriform Pseudictops, and strong resemblance to the tarsally conservative gliroid Rhombomylus. Hence, Arctostylopidae may best be grouped with Asian non-gliroid Gliriformes, which we interpret as having dispersed into North America in the Late Palaeocene.Pieter Missiaen is an aspirant of the Research Foundation-Flanders (RF-Flanders)     

Osteomyelitis in a Paleozoic reptile: ancient evidence for bacterial infection and its evolutionary significance

We report on dental and mandibular pathology in Labidosaurus hamatus, a 275 million-year-old terrestrial reptile from North America and associate it with bacterial infection in an organism that is characterized by reduced tooth replacement. Analysis of the surface and internal mandibular structure using mechanical and CT-scanning techniques permits the reconstruction of events that led to the pathology and the possible death of the individual. The infection probably occurred as a result of prolonged exposure of the dental pulp cavity to oral bacteria, and this exposure was caused by injury to the tooth in an animal that is characterized by reduced tooth replacement cycles. In these early reptiles, the reduction in tooth replacement is an evolutionary innovation associated with strong implantation and increased oral processing. The dental abscess observed in L. hamatus, the oldest known infection in a terrestrial vertebrate, provides clear evidence of the ancient association between terrestrial vertebrates and their oral bacteria.     

地方性氟中毒环境地球化学病因的探讨

 氟中毒的发生与饮用水中氟离子的含量成正相关，但发病率的轻重又受到钙、镁离子的控制。研究表明：我国南方氟病地区青少年氟斑牙的发生，并非完全由煤烟氟污染玉米所致，而与南方平均气温高，病区人群长期大量饮用含氟和钙、镁离子偏低的水有关，特别是很少食用煤烟氟污染玉米的城市，这种相关性显得更加明显。     

Dental microwear patterns of extant and extinct Muridae (Rodentia, Mammalia): ecological implications

Extant species of Muridae occupy a wide array of habitats and have diverse dietary habits. Consequently, their dental microwear patterns represent a potential clue to better understand the paleoecology of their extinct relatives, which are abundant in many Old World Neogene localities. In this study, dental microwear is investigated for specimens of 17 extant species of murine and deomyine rodents in order to test the reliability of this method and infer dietary preferences on the fossil species Saïdomys afarensis. This extinct form comes from a mid-Pliocene site (AL 327) located at the Hadar Formation (Ethiopia) known to have delivered many hominid specimens of Australopithecus afarensis. A significant correlation between microwear patterns and diet is detected. Thus, grass, fruit, and insect eaters display, respectively, high amounts of fine scratches, wide scratches, and large pits. Moreover, some aspects of the paleoecology of S. afarensis, including feeding habits, could be assessed in regard to its dental microwear pattern. Indeed, it probably had feeding habits similar to that of living grass eaters. These results concur with the presence of open to woodland areas covered by an herbaceous vegetal layer, including monocotyledons, in the vicinity of this mid-Pliocene locality.