国内信息

上海环境管理体系审核中心 对企业开展培训 为加快推动环境管理体系的贯标工作,上海市环境科学研究院作为上海市政府推进ISO14001贯标工作的技术支持单位,自1996年始举办了各种类型的ISO14000标准培训班近30期。根据已获证企业和正在实施环境管理体系的企业不同的培训需求,环境管理体系审核中心将于1999年7月～9月开设下列课程: (1)ISO14000标准宣贯班内容:a.ISO14000标准产生的背景、发展趋势及实施的意义(绿色贸易壁垒有关信息),ISO14000标准的构成及特点;b.ISO 14001标准概述;c.企业贯标实施步骤,环境管理体系认证过程,环境标志认证有关信息。     

施工企业建立环境管理体系难点与对策

全国许多企业已经把保护地球,造福子孙,贯彻ISO14001环境管理体系标准,建立环境管理体系的工作提到了重要的日程.在贯彻ISO14001国际环境管理体系标准,建立和实施环境管理文件化体系的过程中,有的企业遇到了许多难点.本文针对建筑施工企业建立和实施环境管理体系遇到的难点和应采取的对策做一浅谈.     

清洁生产技术在实施环境管理体系中的应用

随着社会的发展和科技的进步,ISO9000、ISO14000和OHSAS18000三大管理体系为企业在质量、环境和职业健康安全管理方面提供了具有可操作性的执行依据和一个成熟的管理模式.ISO14000标准开宗明义是"旨在为组织规定有效的环境管理体系要素,它们可与其他管理要求相结合,帮助组织实现环境目标和经济目标."它更强调的是按规定有效的环境管理体系要素建立一个结构化的管理体系.而清洁生产技术则更注重产品和产品生产过程的环境影响,它以生产过程为主体,考虑对其产生环境影响的各个方面,即从原材料投入到产品产出,直至到产品最终处置的"从摇篮到坟墓"全生命周期的环境影响,依靠改进技术工艺和加强管理等措施来消除污染,达到节能降耗,减污增效的目的.还可以避免企业实施环境管理体系(EMS)运行与日常管理的"两层皮"的现象,减少实施中的表面文章,促使企业用更多的时间和精力去追求环境绩效.     

大亚湾核电站ISO14001环境管理体系

1、体系的建立和认证 1996年,国际标准化组织(ISO)为保护人类生存环境,规范组织的环境行为,制定了ISO14000环境管理体系系列标准,其中ISO14001是ISO14000系列标准中的主体标准,是企业建立环境管理体系的基本要求,也是环境管理体系第三方审核认证的依据。ISO14000标准颁布后,国家环保总局迅速开始在我国推广和实施。1996年9月,经国家环保局批准,广东核电合营有限公司成为全国第二批环境管理体系认证试点企业。ISO14000标准的实施和大亚湾核电站追求的目标是一致的,借此东风,公司决定实施ISO14001认证,把公司的环境管     

大亚湾核电站ISO14001环境管理体系

1996年,国际标准化组织(ISO)为保护人类生存环境,规范组织的环境行为。制定了ISO14000环境管理体系系列标准．其中ISO14001是ISO14000系列标准中的主体标准,是企业建立环境管理体系的基本要求,也是环境管理体系第三方审核认证的依据。ISO14000标准颁布后,国家环保总局迅速开始在我国推广和实施。1996年9月,经国家环保局批准,广东核电合营有限公司成为全国第二批环境管理体系认证试点企业。．ISO14000标准的实施和大亚湾核电站追求的目标是一致的,借此东风．公司决定实施ISO14001认证,把公司的环境管理工作提高到一个新的水平。     

论环境管理体系对钢铁企业的环境管理的作用

ISO14001环境管理体系标准是组织规划、实施、检查、评审企业环境管理运作系统的规范性标准.目前,在国际上已广泛应用于钢铁行业的环境管理,是钢铁企业评价环境风险、环境管理现状及所取得绩效的重要手段,有助于降低企业环境风险管控成本.因此,规模较大的钢铁企业普遍通过ISO14001环境管理体系标准认证.     

关于几种重要环境因素评价方法的探讨

组织实施ISO14001标准是全面提升组织形象、降低成本、改善环境管理的有力武器,也是企业发展,走向国际市场的一种途径.在建立环境管理体系的过程中,重要环境因素的评价尤其重要,它是一个组织制定方针,目标、指标和环境管理方案的重要依据.     

甘肃省ISO14000环境管理体系认证市场调查分析

通过甘肃省企业对ISO14000环境管理体系实施状况的调查，阐述了企业实施ISO14000系列标准的重要性，掌握了甘肃省实施ISO14000系列标准的现状，并针对存在的问题进行分析，对市场发展方向进行预测，对甘肃省实施ISO14000环境管理体系的可行性进行了分析论证。借鉴发达省市的先进经验，结合我省的特点，提出了“标准”实施的对策、建议及办法。以推动甘肃省的ISO14000环境管理体系认证工作的进程。     

应用PDCA循环过程试析企业推行环境管理体系中常见问题

从ISO14001：1996版标准发布以来。国内有许多企业都积极投入到环境管理体系的推行中。目前，ISO14001：2004新版标准已开始全面推广。企业又积极投入到新版标准认证的过程中。笔经历了从旧版审核到新旧版转换审核以及新版审核的全过程，从审核角度看，企业在建立与实施环境管理体系过程中最主要的困难在于对管理体系部分关键要素的理解与应用不当．如重要环境因素的评价、目标指标和方案的确立、培训的需求、与外部的信息交流、件架构的建立、运行控制的要求以及应急准备与响应、监视和测量的需求以及合规性评价等。以下本将从PDCA循环过程分析企业环境管理体系建立与实施过程中常见的问题，并将改善的思路提供给企业参考，以期帮助企业减少在实施中的错误及摸索。     

实施ISO14001标准是企业面临的机遇与挑战

目前 ,在企业建立环境管理体系并通过ＩＳＯ１４００１标准认证 ,已成为众多有远见卓识的企业家所追求的目标。随着认证工作的推广与深入 ,越来越多的企业加入到获证队伍中来。这些企业在建立环境管理体系和通过ＩＳＯ１４００１认证的过程中 ,通过对组织中环境因素的控制 ,实现了环境绩效的持续改进 ,表现了自己优秀的管理水平和良好的企业形象 ,从而也提高了占领市场的能力。应该说 ,实施ＩＳＯ１４００１标准是企业面临的机遇与挑战。ＩＳＯ１４００１标准要求对企业的生产全过程进行有效控制 ,并通过目标设定、管理方案、运行控制等方法…     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.