白洋淀水生态综合调控决策支持系统设计

在充分挖掘白洋淀污染源控制、富营养化与沼泽化治理、长效生态节水及流域综合管理协调相关研究成果的基础上,以流域水生态系统健康和生态安全保障为目标,设计了集水生态系统健康诊断、水生态安全预警与应急、水量调控、污染物控制、淀区净化、综合调控、知识库子系统于一体的白洋淀水生态综合调控决策支持系统,为白洋淀流域的水生态安全保障提...     

蚌埠城市水生态安全动态变化的定量评价与分析

以淮河中游蚌埠城市水环境系统为主要研究对象,采用因子分析法对淮河蚌埠段水生态安全的年际变化进行综合评价,结果表明:1985-2003年间蚌埠城市水生态安全总体呈好转趋势,城市社会经济发展、工农业污染源状况及水污染治理与控制能力等是影响水生态安全变化的主要因素,并提出建立生态安全预警体系、开展水生态环境规划及推进产业生态化等保障城市水生态安全的主要对策措施.     

论我国水生态安全及治理

当前我国在水生态安全方面所取得一系列建设成就,用水结构优化,用水效率及水质不断提升;水生态安全相关制度不断完善;水生态管理理念和方式不断提高。但总体状况仍不容乐观,仍存在水资源匮乏,水质污染严重;生物多样性面临挑战;水治理基础设施依然薄弱;水生态安全制度不够完善;水生态安全评价体系不完善等问题。为应对我国水危机、保障水安全,本文提出强化节水技术推进及基础设施建设,完善水生态制度体系建设、水生态安全评价指标体系、生态补偿相关制度等水生态安全建设方案。     

沘江流域环境保护综合治理措施探讨

阐述了沘江流域环境现状,分析了存在的主要问题及其成因。在坚持“保护、治理、开发”三结合的原则下,提出了要建立全方位的污染控制体系,对受污染影响的生产生活用水提出替代方案,对受到污染影响的土地进行治理,完善监控体系。兴建工业点源治理、矿区生态恢复、城镇污染源控制、河道内源疏浚及生态建设、污染土壤恢复、饮用水环境保护与水污染影响水源替代工程等建设项目,通过采取生态、工程和管理的综合措施,确保沘江流域水环境安全,维护沘江流域水生态系统平衡,促进该流域上游与下游、经济与环保协调发展。     

流域水生态系统健康与生态文明建设

健康的流域水生态系统是保障流域经济社会可持续发展的基础,解决我国严峻的流域水生态系统健康问题迫切需要开展以流域为基本单元的生态文明建设. 针对我国流域水生态系统健康现状,确立了流域生态文明的概念和内涵,提出了流域生态文明建设的基本框架和主要任务. 以保障流域自然生态系统的完整性、流域经济社会系统发展的可持续性、人居环境的生态性为内涵,构建流域水生态-经济社会复合生态系统的动态平衡是流域生态文明建设的基本框架. 流域生态文明建设的主要任务:①构建以水生态系统健康为目标的流域分区管理模式,优化国土空间开发;②健全流域的水环境质量基准和标准体系,科学确定生态系统保护阈值;③建立以流域生态承载力为约束的污染物总量控制技术,优化产业结构与布局;④以保障流域环境流量为前提,实现水资源生态利用;⑤加强人居环境生态建设,实现流域城市生态化发展;⑥加强生态制度建设,构建流域生态文明建设长效机制.该研究成果可以为实现流域人与自然和谐发展提供理论指导.      

我国水环境安全形势与战略对策研究

切实维护水环境、水生态系统健康,保障水安全,让人民群众喝到干净的水,享受良好的水环境,是维护我国生态安全和社会稳定的重要议题之一。当前,我国水环境安全呈现出新老问题相互交织的严峻形势,特别是水生态损害等新问题突出,呈现长期性、复杂性、多样性等特点。文章研究提出保障我国水环境安全的战略思路,即按照生态文明和"美丽中国"建设的总体要求,坚持系统治理、两手发力,注重综合管理与协同防控,落实"减总量、反退化、防风险、护生态"的水环境保护任务,全面提高水环境安全持续保障能力,形成用水安全、环境安全、生态安全的国家综合水环境安全保障体系。     

天津景观水体水生生态系统健康体系的建立与评估

综合多学科、多领域,从生物物理、社会经济和人类健康等方面综合考虑,建立了天津市景观河流健康评价指标体系,包括6个因素24个指标。评估了水生态健康程度。寻求人为压力与天津城市河流水生态系统变化之间的联系,识别河流受损原因．验证河流管理措施的有效性,对有效保障水生态安全、科学治水、综合利用水资源等均具有一定的科学指导作用。     

2019中国城市水环境与水生态发展大会专刊

改革开放40年,中国城市水环境经历了复杂而剧烈的变化,“质”成为这些变化的核心伤痛。我们承受了粗放式发展带来的任性之果、黑臭之殇,又在痛定思痛中回归理性和自然。为此,四十年来我们以水质改善为核心,紧紧围绕水质与健康、水质与循环、水质与生态三个关键问题,努力化解了发展与保护的矛盾、不断实现了从污染到清洁的质变,坚定践行山水林田湖综合治理的科学理念,水环境质量改善成为生态文明建设的亮丽风景。可以认为,当今中国水环境保护、治理和修复取得的巨大成就也是世界环境史上的一个伟大创举。
为了进一步探索和展望中国水环境水生态的现状、问题与未来,共商绿色城市水系统构建的战略、策略及其实践路径,2019年7月15—16日,中国城市科学研究会水环境与水生态分会联合中国工程科技发展战略四川研究院,主办了“首届中国城市水环境与水生态发展大会”。大会以城市水环境水生态的可持续绿色未来为主题,以系统化保护与治理为指导思想,下设水环境综合治理与水生态修复,未来城市水环境基础设施建设及安全运营,城市水处理技术创新、资源回收与循环利用,城市水生态环境管理与风险控制,工业园区水管理等5个议题,全面和深入地探讨了水环境治理新理念、新思路、新模式,交流了我国及国际相关领域的研究和应用进展,提出了若干具有建设性和现实性的观点和建议。
本期专刊所精选的是参会学者提交的45篇代表性论文,旨在从“四个维度”呈现给读者2019中国城市水环境与水生态发展大会交流的相关成果。其中,“横向维度”突出了常规污染物（如氮、磷、重金属等）深度消减及其与新兴污染物（如全氟化合物、微塑料、PPCPs等）协同去除的研究成果;“垂向维度”贯通了城市面源、地表水（水库、湿地）、地下水、污染底质等环境介质的研究成果;“轴向维度”覆盖了典型城市水质净化系统（饮用水净化系统、城市污水净化系统、垃圾渗沥液净化系统、工业园区水质净化系统）的研究成果;同时,也展示与三个维度有机关联的资源（如磷、污泥生物炭等）回收及循环利用方面的研究成果。上述论文50%以上是以城市水处理技术创新为主要内容,聚焦在新方法、新材料、新工艺等方面的最新研究进展。这些成果一方面体现了环境学者对认识和解决水环境生态问题的积极思考,也反映了他们在可持续城市水系统构建中的积极实践,也反映了我国城市水环境治理正在向着三水融合、生态完整、富有弹性的方向理性前进。
衷心感谢《环境科学学报》编辑部为我们提供这样一个重要的平台和机会,感谢他们为本专刊组稿、编辑和出版所做出的杰出贡献！
由于本专刊作者水平有限,论文难免有谬误之处,敬请读者批评指正。     

鞍山市水污染源普查现状及环境问题对策建议

根据鞍山市第二次污染源普查水污染物排放的数据结果,对工业污染源、农业污染源、生活污染源、全市集中式污染治理设施等排放水污染物情况进行统计,分析水污染物主要排放污染源,指出鞍山市水污染方面主要的环境问题是农业源、生活源对水污染物排放贡献比较大,工业源水污染物排放贡献也不可忽视.并针对生活源污水治理、农业源的污染治理、流域...     

流域水生态功能区概念、特点与实施策略

我国正处在从传统的水质管理向水生态管理转变的关键阶段,水生态功能区是实施流域水生态系统管理的基本单元. 结合区划理论的发展,对国内外区划研究进展进行了系统总结,界定了水生态功能区的基本概念,提出了水生态功能区的基本特点及其在环境管理中的主要作用,辨析了水生态功能区与水功能区、生态功能区和主体功能区的关系,提出了水生态功能区实施的政策保障体系. 结果表明,水生态功能区是开展水生态系统健康评估、识别水生态功能和确定水生态保护目标的基本单元,具有基于流域单元进行划分、以水生态系统等级结构为主线、区域区划与类型区划相统一、陆地与水体保持一致性等特点;不同功能区在基本概念、法律和政策依据、分区目的、分区体系、分区指标和方法及其在管理中的作用等方面差异显著,水生态功能区是对上述功能区的发展、补充和完善;作为一个崭新概念,水生态功能区的实施需要从法律、机构、政策和技术等方面全面保障,在此基础上构建流域水环境综合管理技术体系,支撑流域生态文明建设.      

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.