胡敏酸-针铁矿复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附特征

采用批平衡试验法,研究了胡敏酸-针铁矿复合胶体对Pb2+的等温吸附特征及pH值、离子强度、温度及共存Cd2+对复合胶体吸附Pb2+的影响.结果表明:在相同离子强度和温度条件下,pH值升高,最大吸附量(Smax)和吸附平衡常数(k)均增大,有利于吸附反应的进行.等温吸附方程以Langmuir方程拟合效果最好.当Pb2+平衡浓度为124.7mg/L时,吸附量增幅最大,达35mg/g.复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附动力学方程以Elovich方程拟合效果最好.pH值增大,平衡吸附速率提高.在相同pH值和离子强度条件下,温度升高,最大吸附量、吸附平衡常数、自由能变△G°的绝对值均增加,表明升高温度有利于吸附反应的进行.在相同温度和pH值条件下,复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附量随着离子强度的增加而增加.当存在Cd2+时,复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附量有所降低,但Cd2+对Pb2+竞争吸附影响不大.     

四溴双酚A在潮土中的吸附和解吸

采用批量平衡实验方法,研究了四溴双酚A(TBBPA)在潮土中的吸附和解吸行为,并且探讨了pH值和离子强度对TBBPA吸附的影响.结果表明,TBBPA在潮土中的吸附过程可以分为快速吸附阶段(0～24 h)和慢速吸附阶段(24～48 h),其中快速吸附阶段在吸附过程中起主要作用,在48 h时吸附基本达到平衡.TBBPA在潮土中的吸附等温线呈现为非线性,其吸附行为可以很好地用Freundlich方程描述.在溶液pH值为6.0-8.0的范围内,TBBPA在潮土中的吸附量随pH值的增大而减少,当溶液pH>8.0后吸附量未表现出明显的变化趋势.离子强度也明显影响TBBPA在潮土中的吸附,随着离子强度的增加TBBPA的吸附量增加.吸附.解吸过程表明TBBPA在潮土中的解吸相对于吸附过程具有滞后性,说明潮土对TBBPA有较强的结合能力.     

溴酸根在颗粒活性炭上的还原

小试研究了溶液中溴酸根在颗粒活性炭上还原与溴离子生成的过程,考察pH、离子强度、温度和初始浓度对该过程的影响.结果表明,活性炭对溴酸根的去除性能与表面碱性官能团有一定相关性.其它阴离子对吸附/还原过程有阻碍作用,实验中影响顺序为ＮＯ^-₃>SO^２－₄ > Cl^-.溴酸根的吸附与溴离子的生成可分别用拟二级速率方程和粒子内扩散模型进行模拟,绝大部分相关系数在0.97以上.低pH和低离子强度有利于溴酸根的吸附与还原.15～42℃范围内吸附与还原速率随温度提高先降低后升高.实验中活性炭对溴酸根的最大吸附容量可达到769.23 μmol/g（98.4 mg/g）,但反应较慢且易受干扰.推测活性炭表面微孔部分对溴酸根的吸附也受到溴离子释放的阻碍.     

西辽河沉积物有机组分对磷的吸附影响

采用平衡吸附法研究了西辽河沉积物不同有机组分对磷的吸附影响.结果表明,西辽河沉积物对磷的饱和吸附量Гm值为953.64mg/kg.吸附分配系数K值为40.50;去除有机质后的沉积物对磷的吸附能力大大降低,碳标化饱和吸附量Гmoc值和吸附分配系数Koc值分别只能达到原样的12.07%和27.49%,说明有机质是影响磷在沉积物上吸附的主要因素;沉积物有机组分中的轻组有机质是一类橡胶态胶体,磷在橡胶态胶体上的吸附以分配作用为主,其碳标化吸附分配系数为77.13;沉积物有机组分中的重组有机质对磷的吸附起主导作用,其碳标化饱和吸附量为1225.63mg/kg;重组有机质是一类玻璃态胶体,磷在玻璃态胶体上的吸附除分配作用外,还存在孔隙填充方式的吸附;重组有机组分中的紧结态腐殖质(胡敏素)对磷的吸附起关键作用,其碳标化饱和吸附量为3546.69mg/kg.影响机制主要为稳、紧结态腐殖质是形成沉积物疏松多孔团聚体结构的重要胶结物质.     

添加生物炭对西北黄土吸附克百威的影响

研究了不同温度下制得的生物炭对西北黄土吸附农药克百威的影响,并对溶液p H值和初始浓度对吸附的影响进行了探讨.结果表明,克百威在添加生物炭黄土上的动力学吸附过程较好地符合准二级吸附动力学模型;热力学吸附较好地符合Freundlich等温吸附模型;随着系统温度的升高,添加生物炭的黄土对克百威的吸附量增大,且其对克百威的吸附自由能变(ΔGθ)小于0,吸附焓变(ΔHθ)及吸附熵变(ΔSθ)均大于0,表明吸附是一个自发吸热且体系混乱程度增大的等温吸附过程.溶液p H值和克百威的初始浓度对添加生物炭的土样吸附影响较明显.当p H值为4~7时,添加生物炭的土样饱和吸附量随p H升高呈缓慢降低,当p H值大于7时,吸附容量随p H升高呈明显降低趋势.克百威初始浓度从20 mg·L-1增至50 mg·L-1的过程中,吸附量快速上升,初始浓度大于50 mg·L-1时,吸附量随初始浓度的升高而缓慢增加并逐渐趋于平衡.     

高pH环境对胶体在饱和多孔介质中迁移的影响

以超纯水漂洗和经酸处理过的玻璃微珠作为对照,通过比较在不同p H环境下胶体在两种多孔介质中的吸附解吸行为来探讨高p H环境对胶体迁移的影响.结果表明,不利条件下通过提高环境的p H可以使吸附在初级势阱中的胶体解吸下来,从而降低胶体的吸附能力.不利条件下化学杂质有利于胶体在初级势阱中的吸附.然而随着环境p H的增加,这些因化学杂质而发生吸附的胶体会有部分被释放出来.当溶液的p H增加到10或更高后,化学杂质对胶体吸附过程的影响可以忽略.胶体在多孔介质表面的吸附数量与胶体的吸附解吸过程和溶液的环境有关,尤其是高p H值环境.研究证实了传统DLVO理论存在一定局限性.本研究为高p H环境在胶体迁移中发挥的作用提供了进一步的认识.     

生物质炭对孔雀石绿和酸性橙的吸附研究

文章以生物质炭为吸附剂,研究了其对以孔雀石绿和酸性橙Ⅱ两种染料作为水污染物时的吸附行为,并且探讨了初始浓度、温度、离子强度及溶液p H值等因素对吸附效果的影响。结果表明吸附符合准二级动力学方程;离子强度对吸附效果贡献不大;随着p H值的增加,生物质炭对孔雀石绿的吸附量增加,而对酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附量降低;吸附热力学研究表明,吸附过程为自发的吸热反应,用Langmuir方程能够更好地对吸附等温线进行拟合。     

KH-550改性埃洛石对水中铀酰离子吸附性能的研究

利用硅烷偶联剂KH-550对埃洛石复合材料进行改性,获得了新型材料KH-550改性埃洛石,并对其进行了红外光谱和X-射线衍射图谱的检测,证明硅烷偶联剂成功嫁接在埃洛石上.同时,实验通过静态批式法探究了KH-550改性埃洛石对水中铀酰离子的吸附作用,分析了不同化学条件下,如浓度、p H值和离子强度等对改性埃洛石悬浮液吸附铀酰离子效果的影响.结果表明,KH-550改性埃洛石吸附铀酰离子的最佳埃洛石悬浮液浓度为1.0 mol·L-1,改性埃洛石对铀酰离子的吸附效果随离子强度的增大而减小,最佳p H值在7.5左右.用不同吸附模型对不同温度下的吸附行为进行拟合,发现用Langmuir模型拟合的效果更好(R2=0.998),最大吸附量为147.58 mg·g-1.用Lagrange准一级动力学和准二级动力学模型对吸附行为进行拟合,发现此吸附过程更加符合准二级动力学模型,最佳吸附时间为90 min.     

水稻秸秆生物炭对磺胺类抗生素的吸附研究

研究了3种热解温度分别为300℃(S300)、450℃(S450)、600℃(S600)的水稻秸秆生物炭对两种磺胺类抗生素的吸附性能及机制,同时考察了溶液p H值及离子强度对吸附的影响。结果表明,生物炭对磺胺二甲基嘧啶(SM_2)和磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)的吸附均符合准二级动力学方程;等温吸附曲线用Langmuir方程拟合优于Freundlich方程,3种生物炭的最大吸附量随热解温度的升高而升高,且对SM_2的吸附能力优于SMX,600℃热解的秸秆炭对SM_2和SMX的最大吸附量分别可达到2 857.1 mg/kg和1 724.1 mg/kg。溶液p H显著影响吸附,SM2和SMX的吸附以中性形态为主,p H在3~11的范围内,SM_2和SMX的最佳p H分别为5和3。生物炭对2种抗生素的吸附能力随离子强度的升高而轻微下降。红外光谱分析表明,氢键结合、π-π共轭是秸秆生物炭吸附2种磺胺抗生素的主要机理。     

改性粉煤灰吸附对硝基苯酚的研究

研究了粉煤灰 (FA)和浸渍粉煤灰 (IFA)吸附水溶液中有害的对硝基苯酚 ,试验了颗粒大小、浸渍条件、p H值和温度等因素对吸附量的影响。结果表明 ,在稀溶液中进行吸附时 ,提高温度、减小粒径和 p H值 ,可增加粉煤灰对对硝基苯酚的吸附量 ;用 Al3+离子浸渍的粉煤灰具有较大的吸附量 ;吸附机理是多孔物质吸附和静电共同作用的过程。     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Toxicity assessing for chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with three different earthworm test methods

Earthworm toxicity tests are useful tools for terrestrial risk assessment but require a hierarchy of test designs that differ in effect levels (behavior, sublethal, lethal). In this study, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos contaminated soil on earthworms was assessed. In addition to the acute and chronic tests, an avoidance response test was applied. Earthworms were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentration of chlorpyrifos, and evaluated for acute toxicity, growth, fecundity and avoidance response after a certain exposure period. The test methods covered all important ecological relevant endpoints (acute, chronic, behavioral). Concentration of 78.91 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos caused significant toxic effects in all test methods, but at lower test concentrations, only significant chronic toxic effects could be observed. In the present study, chlorpyrifos had adverse effect on growth and fecundity in earthworm exposed to 5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos after eight weeks. The avoidance response test, however, showed significant repellent effects concentration of 40 mg/kg chlorpyrifos. For chlorpyrifos, concentration affecting avoidance response was far greater than growth and fecundity, it seemed likely that earthworms were not able to escape from pesticide-contaminated soil into the clean soil in field and hence were exposed continuously to elevated concentrations of pesticides.     

Leaching of styrene and other aromatic compounds in drinking water from PS bottles

Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene （PS） bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as ＂purge and trap＂ and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer （GC/MS）. Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.     

Sludge concentration dynamic distribution and its impact on the performance of UNITANK

UNITANK is a biological wastewater treatment process that combines the advantages of traditional activated sludge process and sequencing batch reactor, which is divided into Tank A, B and C. In this study, the sludge distribution and its impact on performance of UNITANK were carried out in Liede Wastewater Plant （WWTP） of Guangzhou, China. Results showed that there was a strong affiliation between Tank A and B of the system in sludge concentration distribution. The initial sludge concentration in Tank A could present the sludge distribution of the whole system. The sludge distribution was mainly influenced by hydraulic condition. Unsteady sludge distribution had an impact on variations of substrates in reactors, especially in decisive reactor, and this could lead to failure of system. Settler could partially remove substrates such as COD and NO3-N, but there was adventure of sludge deterioration. The rational initial sludge concentration in Tank A should be 4000-6000 mg/L MLSS.     

Treated wastewater irrigation effect on soil, crop and environment： Wastewater recycling in the loess area of China

A study was carried out at the Loess Plateau in Dongzhi,China,to test the feasibility of using secondary treatment sewage effluent and to determine whether the water quality would then meet the recommended irrigation norm.Seven crops,including celery,wheat, maize,millet,apples,rapeseed and yellow beans,were tested in the study.Physical and chemical properties of the soil,crop yield and quality and leachate at different soil depths were measured.In most cases,the quality of the crops that made use of treated sewage was not distinctively different from those that did not use treated sewage.However,yields for the former were much higher than they were for the latter.Leachates at different soil depths were analyzed and the results did not show alarming levels of constituents.For a period of approximately 14 months,the treated sewage irrigation had no significant effect on the loess soil and no cases of illness resulting from contact with the treated sewage were reported.With treated sewage irrigation,a slight increase in the organic content of the soil was observed.     

Spatial variability of organochlorine pesticides （DDTs and HCHs） in surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing, China

The spatial variability in the concentrations of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) in surface soils was studied on the basis of the analysis of 131 soil samples collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm depth) of the alluvial region of Beijing, China. The concentrations of total HCHs (including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-isomers) and total DDTs (i ncluding p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and o,p'-DDT) in the surface soils tested were in the range from nondetectable to 31.72 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 0.91, and from nondetectable to 5910.83 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 32.13,respectively. It was observed that concentrations of HCHs in all soil samples and concentrations of DDTs in 112 soil samples were much lower than the first grade (50 μg/kg) permitted in "Environment quality standard for soils in China (GB15618-1995)". This suggests that the pollution due to organochlorine pesticides was generally not significant in the farmland soils in the Beijing alluvial region. In this study, the spatial distribution and trend of HCHs and DDTs were analyzed using Geostatistical Analyst and GS (513).Spatial distribution indicated how these pesticides had been applied in the past. Trend analysis showed that the concentrations of HCHs,DDTs, and their related metabolites followed an obvious distribution trend in the surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing.     

Heavy metal availability and impact on activity of soil microorganisms along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient

All the regulations that define a maximum concentration of metals in the receiving soil are based on total soil metal concentration. However, the potential toxicity of a heavy metal in the soil depends on its speciation and availability. We studied the effects of heavy metal speciation and availability on soil microorganism activities along a Cu/Zn contamination gradient. Microbial biomass and enzyme activity of soil contaminated with both Cu and Zn were investigated. The results showed that microbial biomass was negatively affected by the elevated metal levels. The microbial biomass-C （Cmic）/organic C （Corg） ratio was closely correlated to heavy metal stress. There were negative correlations between soil microbial biomass, phosphatase activity and NH4NO3 extractable heavy metals. The soil microorganism activity could be predicted using empirical models with the availability of Cu and Zn. We observed that 72% of the variation in phosphatase activity could be explained by the NH4NO3-extractable and total heavy metal concentration. By considering different monitoring approaches and different viewpoints, this set of methods applied in this study seemed sensitive to site differences and contributed to a better understanding of the effects of heavy metals on the size and activity of microorganisms in soils. The data presented demonstrate the relationship between heavy metals availability and heavy metal toxicity to soil microorganism along a contamination gradient.     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fishes from Taihu Lake, China

The Cr,Zn,Cu,Cd,Pb contents were determined in Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus,Carassius auratus Linnaeus,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis,which were caught from Meiliang Bay,Taihu Lake,a large,shallow and eutrophic lake of China.The results showed that:(1)the Cr,Cu,Pb,Cd contents in the edible parts of the four fish species were much lower than Chinese Food Health Criterion(1994),but the Zn contents were higher than the Criterion;(2)Cd contents were the highest in the liver of fish,Pb contents were almost the same in all organs of fish,Cr contents mainly enriched in the skin and gonads,Zn contents were the highest in the gonad(♀),and Cu contents were the highest in the liver;(3)the total metal accumulation was the greatest in the liver and the lowest in the muscle.The total metal accumulation was the highest in C.auratus L.This investigation indicated that fish products in Taihu Lake were still safe for human consumption,but the amount consumed should be controlled under the Chinese Food Health Criterion to avoid excessive intake of Zn.     

Biological control experiment of excess propagation of Cyclops for drinking water security

Cyclops of zooplankton propagated excessively in eutrophic water body and could not be effectively inactivated by the conventional disinfections process like chlorination due to its stronger resistance to oxidation. In this study, an ecological project was put forward for the excess propagation control of Cyclops by stocking the filter-feeding fishes such as silver carp and bighead carp under the condition of no extraneous nutrient feeding. The results of experiments with different stocking biomass showed that the propagation of Cyclops could be controlled effectively, and the water quality was improved simultaneously by impacting on nutriment level and plankton community structure at proper stocking density of 30 g/m^3 of water. The growth of Cyclops may not be effectually controlled with lower biomass of fish （10 g）, and the natural food chain relation may be destroyed for Cyclops dying out in water while the intense stocking of 120 g per cubic meter of water. In addition, the high predator pressure may accelerate supplemental rate of nutrients from bottom sediments to water body to add the content of total nitrogen and phosphorus in water.