HPLC法测定半合成芫花素的含量

采用高效液相色谱法测定了芫花素的含量。在SinochromODS—BP（5μm，250×4．6mm）色谱柱上，流动相为V（甲醇）：V（水）=80：20，流速为1．0ml／min，紫外检测波长为284nm。试验结果表明，该方法的相对标准偏差为0．98％（11=6），回收率92．5％以上。该法简便、快速、可靠。     

关于“变色酸分光光度法测定气体中甲醇”方法改进的研究

本文针对目前甲醇分析方法存在的问题,通过大量研究试验提出了"空气中的甲醇被水吸收后,在酸性环境条件下,利用高锰酸钾氧化成甲醛,再借助甲醛与变色酸作用生成紫色化合物,进而采用比色法达到测定气体中的甲醇含量的目的".经多次验证证明"甲醇在0.5～85μg/5mI符合比尔定律,摩尔吸光系数为2×104,,适用于环境空气与工业污染源排放废气中甲醇的测定,方法的检测限为0.5μg/5ml,以0.5L/min的流量,采集30L空气,最低检出浓度为0.016mg/m3.该法较现行的测试方法明显地体现出了"速度快、操作简便、灵敏度和准确度高、重现性好、线性范围较宽的测试优势.     

流动注射-分光光度法测定工业废水中的Fe^2＋和Fe^3＋

将Fe^2 与邻菲啰啉的显色反应引入流动注射系统，用盐酸羟胺将Fe^3 预先还原，0～6μg/ml的Fe^2符合比耳定律，检测出限0．11μg／ml。0．25μg／mlFe^2 经5次测定的标准偏差为2．2％，进样频率为120次／h，回收率98．5～104％。对工业废水中铁的测定取得了满意的效果。     

HPLC法测定半合成芫花素的含量

采用高效液相色谱法测定了芫花素的含量。在SinochromODS—BP（5μm,250×4．6mm）色谱柱上,流动相为V（甲醇）：V（水）=80：20,流速为1．0ml／min,紫外检测波长为284nm。试验结果表明,该方法的相对标准偏差为0．98％（11=6）,回收率92．5％以上。该法简便、快速、可靠。     

分光光度法测定水中微量铝

本文阐述了在pH5．5-6．5的六次甲基四胺缓冲溶液条件下．铝可与5-溴水杨基荧光酮，溴化十六烷基吡啶反应生成红色三元络合物。显色稳定，重现性良好。常见金属离子干扰较小。最大吸收波长约为560nm。线性范围为0～6．5μg／25mL，回收率在95％～101％之间。     

水中汞的冷原子吸收分光光度法测定

通过设计并安装汞吸收管，将国产原子吸收分光光度计改造为测汞仪，优化测试条件，按GB／T8538－1995方法测定水中汞，最低检测量0．01μg汞。     

自动固相微萃取-毛细管气相色谱法检测环境水中苯系物的研究

对自动固相微萃取(SPME)-毛细管气相色谱法测定环境水中苯系物的方法进行了研究。通过对环境水中苯系物在不同SPME条件的优化、筛选实验，建立了苯系物的自动固相微萃取-气相色谱的检测方法，该方法简便、灵敏、快捷、可靠，分离度高，准确性好。在0．001mg／L～1．00mg／L范围内有良好的线性关系，最低检测浓度为0．1lμg／L～0．41μg／L。样品测定的相对标准偏差为1．8％～3．5％，回收率为88％～108％，精密度和准确度均较好。     

用变色酸分光光度法测定空气中甲醇

甲醇在酸性溶液中，被高锰酸钾氧化成甲醛，再在硫酸介质中与变色酸生成紫色化合物，在580nm处用1 cm比色皿比色测定。根据分光光度法测得的吸光度值与甲醇含量的线性关系，提出并建立了测定甲醇含量的新方法。线性范围0．04mg／m^3～0．40mg／m^3，用于空气中甲醇的测定均获满意结果。     

四苯硼钠分光比浊法测定渗沥水中钾

本文采用碱法消化——四苯硼钠分光比浊法测定生活垃圾渗沥水中钾。经消化条件、pH、四苯硼钠的加入量及排干扰等条件试验,确定了较简便的分析程序。方法的检出限为0.8mg/l,相对标准偏差为204％,加标回收率为96.4％～102.9％。 1 实验部分 1.1 标准曲线的绘制在25ml容量瓶中,分别加入0～100μg钾标准溶液,加水至5ml,加3滴饱和EDTA,摇匀;调pH至5～6,加15mg四苯硼钠,轻摇;加5ml甘油——水溶液(2+1),以水稀至刻度,摇匀。用1cm比色皿,以水为参比,在380nm波长处测定吸光度。并作空白校正。绘制标准曲线。 1.2 样品测定     

铬天青S分光光度法测定痕量铝的研究

研究了铝-铬天青S（GAS）-溴化十六烷基吡啶（CPB）分光光度法测定水样中痕量铝的最佳实验条件。结果表明：铝-铬天青S（GAS）-溴化十六烷基吡啶（CPB）三元显色体系的最大吸收波长为640nm；．最佳显色时间30min；显色剂铬天青S（GAS）最佳用量2．00mL（0．5g／L）；最佳显色pH5．5。在实验确定的最佳条件下，测定结果有较好的稳定性，较高的准确度。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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