2次降雨间隔时间对城市地表径流污染负荷的影响

2003～2005年通过对武汉市十里铺集水区12次降雨径流的水量和水质过程监测,研究了城市降雨径流污染负荷同2次降雨间隔时间的关系,探讨了城市地表状况、排水系统管理以及降雨特征在城市降雨径流污染负荷形成中的作用.结果表明,城市降雨径流污染负荷受2次降雨间隔时间和降雨径流量的共同影响.2次降雨间隔时间与初期降雨径流污染负荷存在显著的正相关关系 (p<0.01).汉阳地区城市地表卫生管理差和雨、污合流制的排水系统是城市径流污染负荷形成的主要原因.可以利用2次降雨间隔时间和降雨径流量预测城市降雨径流污染负荷.加强城市地表卫生管理和排水系统的管理,降低污染物在晴天累积的程度,从源头上减少污染物的数量,是有效控制城市降雨径流污染的首先途径.     

高速公路路面雨水径流污染物排放特征研究

为了深入了解高速公路面源污染特征,本文对高速公路路面径流进行了监测分析.尽管径流过程中总悬浮物（TSS）、总化学需氧量（TCOD_Cr）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的浓度以及颗粒物的丰度具有较大的变化幅度,但这些污染物的峰值浓度和颗粒物的峰值丰度基本上出现在径流开始后的10~30 min以内.TSS与TCOD_Cr、TN和TP的浓度之间存在着明显的相关性（r=0.444~0.955;p< 0.005）,意味着有相当数量的有机物和营养盐以颗粒物结合态存在.生化需氧量（BOD₅）与TCODcr的关系表明径流中的有机污染物可生化性较差.当降雨量和降雨强度在不同的范围变化时,其对径流污染物事件平均浓度的影响不同.绝大多数情况下,所研究的高速公路都会发生污染物的初期冲刷效应.前30%的径流可以携带46%±15%的TSS、54%±17%的TCOD_Cr、47%±13%的氮、52%±12%的磷以及在数量上占比为51%±12%的颗粒物.按照面源管理实践中80%的悬浮物的削减量的要求,应截留70%的径流,同时可以减少84%的有机物、78%的氮和81%的磷排放负荷.     

Uncertainties in stormwater runoff data collection from a small urban catchment, Southeast China

Monitoring data are often used to identify stormwater runoff characteristics and in stormwater runoff modelling without consideration of their inherent uncertainties. Integrated with discrete sample analysis and error propagation analysis, this study attempted to quantify the uncertainties of discrete chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) concentration, stormwater flowrate, stormwater event volumes, COD event mean concentration (EMC), and COD event loads in terms of flow measurement, sample collection, storage and laboratory analysis. The results showed that the uncertainties due to sample collection, storage and laboratory analysis of COD from stormwater runoff are 13.99%, 19.48% and 12.28%. Meanwhile, flow measurement uncertainty was 12.82%, and the sample collection uncertainty of TSS from stormwater runoff was 31.63%. Based on the law of propagation of uncertainties, the uncertainties regarding event flow volume, COD EMC and COD event loads were quantified as 7.03%, 10.26% and 18.47%.     

杭州市余杭区典型农村暴雨径流污染特征

为探讨南方经济发达地区农村暴雨径流污染特征,选择杭州市余杭区的漕桥与蒲家头两个典型建制村,采集了屋顶、场院、农田和污水汇集口这4种下垫面的3次降雨过程中的径流水样,重点分析了氮、磷和重金属元素(Mn、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd、As、Pb)浓度,对比了不同下垫面3次暴雨径流中污染物的浓度差异和年污染负荷.结果表明,在漕桥暴雨径流中,TSS、COD、NH+4-N、TP和TN的平均浓度分别为16.19、21.01、0.74、1.39和2.39 mg·L-1;在蒲家头暴雨径流汇中,TSS、COD、NH+4-N、TP和TN的平均浓度分别为3.10、15.69、0.90、0.78和3.58 mg·L-1;暴雨径流中各重金属浓度均低于国家地表水Ⅱ类标准.与地表水标准比较,漕桥和蒲家头TP的EMC分别超出地表水Ⅴ类标准1.9倍、3.5倍,TN分别超标1.8倍、1.2倍.另外,农田下垫面中的TSS和COD年污染负荷最高.     

高速公路路面雨水径流下渗系统性能研究

为了分析径流下渗系统在径流削减和污染控制方面的性能,本文对一个高速公路路面雨水径流下渗系统性进行了监测.结果表明,降雨量、径流量、径流削减量和径流排放量之间存在明显的正相关性(r=0.82～0.97,p0.05).该系统表现出高效的径流削减能力,当降雨量小于20 mm时,可以削减70%以上的径流量.与径流削减相比,该系统在污染物负荷控制方面更为有效.当降雨量在0～10 mm之间时,污染负荷的削减率几乎为100%;而当降雨在10～20 mm之间时,污染负荷的削减率仍然可以超过60%.相对总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)而言,下渗系统对悬浮物(SS)和化学需氧量(COD_(Cr))的去除能力要更高、更稳定.研究表明,径流下渗系统作为雨水管理的工具,在径流削减和改善水质方面具有良好的性能.     

Development of EMC-based empirical model for estimating spatial distribution of pollutant loads and its application in rural areas of Korea

An integrated approach to easily calculate pollutant loads from agricultural watersheds is suggested and verified in this research. The basic concepts of this empirical tool were based on the assumption that variations in event mean concentrations (EMCs) of pollutants from a given agricultural watershed during rainstorms were only attributable to the rainfall pattern. Fifty one sets of EMC values were obtained from nine different watersheds located in the rural areas of Korea, and these data were used to develop predictive tools for the EMCs in rainfall runoff. The results of statistical tests of these formulas show that they are fairly good in predicting actual EMC values of some parameters, and useful in terms of calculating pollutant loads for any rainfall event time span such as daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly. This model was further checked in for its field applicability in a reservoir receiving stormwater after a cleanup of the sediments, covering 17 consecutive rainfall events from 1 July to 15 August in 2007. Overall the predicted values matched the observed values, indicating the feasibility of this empirical tool as a simple and useful solution in evaluating timely distribution of nonpoint source pollution loads from small rural watersheds of Korea.     

城市绿地降雨径流污染特征对比研究：以澳门与厦门为例

在澳门与厦门分别选一分流制管道类型的绿地小流域开展降雨径流监测,以研究城市绿地降雨径流污染特征.结果表明,两城市绿地小流域降雨径流的主要污染物为COD、TP、NO_3~--N,其EMC平均值分别为165.77～60.48 mg/L、 0.96～0.44 mg/L和7.16～1.18 mg/L;两城市绿地的COD、TP、NO_3~--N污染负荷平均值分别为6.53～0.63 kg/hm~2、 0.037 5～0.0047 kg/hm~2 和0.012 2～0.012 8 kg/hm~2;绿地降雨径流污染物浓度峰值出现时间早于径流量峰值;城市绿地降雨径流初始冲刷效应不明显,厦门绿地小流域降雨径流COD、TSS、TP及NO_3~--N的FF_(30)分别为36.26%、 26.13%、 28.13% 和39.03%.基于多元回归分析结果表明,总降雨量和总径流量是影响绿地降雨径流污染初始冲刷效应的主要因素.     

Multiple linear regression models of urban runoff pollutant load and event mean concentration considering rainfall variables

Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration (EMC) which is used to quantify the washed-off pollutant concentrations from non-point sources (NPSs). Pollutant loads could also be calculated using rainfall, catchment area and runoff coefficient. In this study, runoff quantity and quality data gathered from a 28-month monitoring conducted on the road and parking lot sites in Korea were evaluated using multiple linear regression (MLR) to develop equations for estimating pollutant loads and EMCs as a function of rainfall variables. The results revealed that total event rainfall and average rainfall intensity are possible predictors of pollutant loads. Overall, the models are indicators of the high uncertainties of NPSs; perhaps estimation of EMCs and loads could be accurately obtained by means of water quality sampling or a long term monitoring is needed to gather more data that can be used for the development of estimation models.     

城市不同材料屋面径流的污染负荷特性

分析不同材料屋面径流污染负荷特性,对于提高城市面源污染负荷估算精度和确定初期径流截流比具有重要意义.以扬州市为研究区域,通过对小青瓦屋面、水泥瓦屋面和混凝土屋面这3种屋面进行降雨径流监测,比较不同材料屋面径流污染物浓度、冲刷规律以及初期冲刷效应.结果表明暴雨事件中,小青瓦屋面径流中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数和总悬浮物(TSS)的事件平均浓度(event mean concentration,EMC)约为水泥瓦屋面的4～9倍;小青瓦屋面径流污染物浓度变化受雨强影响程度大于水泥瓦屋面,其中TP和TSS的浓度变化趋势和雨强变化趋势的Pearson相关系数r分别为0. 853和0. 822;各材料屋面的初期冲刷强度呈水泥瓦屋面混凝土屋面小青瓦屋面,分别截流3种屋面初期径流的31. 5%、58. 0%和60. 4%,可以完成削减60. 0%的屋面径流污染负荷量的目标.如果未具体区分瓦屋面材料,用水泥瓦屋面径流污染物的EMC估算古建筑聚集区的屋面污染负荷量,将严重低估暴雨事件中TN、TP、TSS和高锰酸盐指数的实际排放量,表明精细化区分屋面材料对提高城市面源负荷估算精度具有重要意义.     

武汉汉阳地区城市集水区尺度降雨径流污染过程与排放特征

2005年4月至8月对武汉市汉阳地区十里铺集水区进行了8次径流污染过程的水量、水质研究.结果表明,城市集水区尺度径流污染过程是降雨径流对整个集水区地表、排水系统中累积污染物的冲刷、携带过程,受集水区累积污染物数量、污染物可冲刷性和降雨径流特征的共同影响.城市降雨径流中初期污染物浓度显著高于后期,污染物浓度的峰值提前于径流的峰值,具有明显的初期冲刷效应.8次监测结果的算术平均值,初期5 mm、10 mm和15 mm降雨径流中TSS的负荷分别占总负荷的48%、68%和78%.初期径流中TSS的负荷与晴天累积天数呈线性正相关关系.     

南宁市老城区降雨径流溯源及污染特征分析

降雨径流是城市河道污染的重要来源之一.为了解降雨径流的污染特征,对南宁市老城区进行降雨径流同步采样监测,分析不同降雨条件下不同下垫面污染状况、初期冲刷效应及污染贡献比等特征,探讨了径流污染初期冲刷计算方法及影响因素分析,并根据老城区菜市场下垫面讨论降雨径流下垫面选取标准与必要性.结果表明,南宁市老城区径流污染中,道路及菜市场的COD和TSS场次降雨径流平均浓度(EMC)大于绿地和屋顶,营养盐污染物EMC值由大到小依次是菜市场、绿地、屋顶和道路.大雨条件下各下垫面均有较为明显的初期冲刷效应,初期冲刷系数(b)均值为0.67,道路和绿地初期输送污染物较多;小雨和中雨条件下总体未产生明显的初期冲刷效应,b均值分别为0.83和0.94,评价冲刷效应更倾向于选取采用全过程计算的b值.基于多元统计分析表明,道路径流TSS的EMC值与总降雨历时之间呈显著正相关,绿地径流TN的EMC值与平均降雨强度间呈显著负相关.是否考虑菜市场作为下垫面的一类对营养盐污染负荷计算结果影响较大,对COD和TSS负荷计算结果几乎无影响,大雨下营养盐污染负荷差值百分比达80%,此时道路和菜市场污染物EMC差值百分比达到1 ...     

山地城市典型硬化下垫面暴雨径流初期冲刷研究

为了解山地城市典型硬化下垫面暴雨径流初期冲刷效应,对山城重庆的8场暴雨进行了径流全过程监测,并与平原城市作了对比分析.结果表明:TSS(总悬浮物)、COD和TP来自城市交通干道的贡献较混凝土屋面大,而TN、NH3-N两者相当;对于重金属,除Cd外,城市交通干道重金属的EMC(Event Mean Concentration)值均高于混凝土屋面.城市交通干道,初期40%的暴雨径流携带了53%±16%TSS,66%±10%COD,59%±2%TN,58%±2%NH3-N,51%±5%TP;而混凝土屋面,初期40%的暴雨径流携带了64%±20%TSS,66%±17%COD,55%±14%TN,52%±14%NH3-N,56%±3%TP,建议两类硬化下垫面至少以初期40%的暴雨径流作为控制量.与平原城市相比,山地城市交通干道初期40%的暴雨径流携带污染负荷TSS与COD的比例比平原城市分别高出16%和22%,初期冲刷效应更加明显.     

山地城市地表径流源区水质特征监测研究

2010年通过对山地城市重庆江北城区10个地表源区5次地表径流过程水样的采集与分析,研究城区地表径流水质特征及其影响因素,以期为地表径流污染源区控制提供科学依据.结果表明,山地城市重庆地表径流污染过程具有明显的初期冲刷效应,降雨强度影响地表径流水质的变化,地表径流水质的波动同雨强的变化呈同步趋势,雨强增加,污染物浓度下降,表现出水质变化的随机性.山地城市重庆地表径流COD、TP与TSS具有显著的正相关性.悬浮物是城市地表径流污染的主要污染物,而且是有机物质和磷素的载体.有机物质与磷素主要以颗粒态的形式存在,而氮素以溶解态的氨和硝酸盐为主.山地城市地表径流水质TSS、COD、TN、TP和NH4+-N在各个源区的差异显著,商业区和城市交通主干道TSS、COD和TP的浓度最高,其次为城市支路、居民区道路、停车场和屋顶.不透水地表功能、交通流量、人流量和卫生管理是影响地表径流水质的主要因素.城市商业区、交通干道和人流量高的居民区道路是城市地表径流污染的关键源区.     

Investigation on the effectiveness of pretreatment in stormwater management technologies

The effectiveness of presettling basins as component of stormwater best management practice （BMP） technologies was investigated. Storm event monitoring and sediment collection were conducted from May 2009 to November 2012 on the presettling basins of the three BMP technologies designed to capture and treat stormwater runoff from highly impervious roads and parking lots. Data on captured runoff and sediment, total suspended solids （TSS） loadings, rainfall and runoff rate, sediment accumulation rate, as well as particle distribution and pollutant concentrations of sediment were gathered and analyzed along with the physical design characteristics of the presettling basins such as surface area and storage volume. Regression models were generated to determine significant relationships between design parameters. Results revealed that the storage volume ratio （ratio of storage volume of presettling basin to BMP） was an important parameter in designing the presettling basin of the BMP. For practicality, optimizing the design of the presetfling basin means that the storage volume ratio should be determined based on the desired captured amount of runoff and sediment from runoff to limit the frequency of maintenance caused by the accumulation of sediment. It was recommended that pretreatment of runoff should be employed when the site in which the BMP is to be sited has high TSS loading and runoff rate, and is subjected to high intensity rainfall.     

Unified methodology for site-characterization and sampling of highway runoff

Hydrology, roadway traffic conditions, and atmospheric deposition are three essential data categories for the planning and implementation of highway-runoff monitoring and characterization programs. Causal variables pertaining to each data category could be site specific but have been shown to correlate with runoff pollutant loads. These data categories were combined to derive statistical relationships for characterization and prioritization of the respective pollutant loads at highway runoff sites. Storm runoff data of total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP) collected from three highway sites in Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, were used to illustrate the development of site-specific highway-runoff pollutant loading models. This unified methodology provides a basis for initial assessment of the pollutant-constituent loads from highway runoff using hydrologic component variables. Improved reliability is achievable when additional traffic and/or atmospheric component variables are incorporated into the basic hydrologic regression model. In addition, operational guidance is suggested for implementing highway-runoff monitoring programs that are subject to sampling and resources constraints.     

汇流路径对SWMM模型水量模拟结果的影响

随着城市雨水管理信息化的快速发展,数学模型逐渐在城市雨水系统规划设计中得到广泛应用,但模型的模拟精度已成为制约其广泛应用的瓶颈问题之一。以某低影响开发（low impact development,LID）雨水系统为例,基于SWMM模型,系统分析了不同重现期条件下,低影响开发设施占比和汇流路径的差异对雨水径流水量控制效果的影响。模拟结果表明:与不考虑汇流路径相比,考虑汇流路径时雨水径流外排总量削减率为4.32%~26.53%,峰值削减率为38.46%~61.40%。因此,汇流路径对雨水径流外排总量和峰值流量影响均较大,且随着LID设施占比升高而增大,随着降雨重现期的增加而降低。在场地开发过程中,可以通过合理的汇流路径设计,提高场地中LID设施对雨水径流的控制效果。同时,在利用模型对场地雨水控制利用效果评估时,也应充分考虑汇流路径对模拟结果的影响。     

北京城市典型下垫面降雨径流污染初始冲刷效应分析

城市硬化地表的迅速增加使得降雨径流量增加,屋面和路面等下垫面上污染物的大量累积并随径流进入城市排水系统,对城市水环境造成威胁.为了解径流污染过程和给径流污染控制提供科学依据,于2004～2006年选取典型屋面和路面对径流污染过程进行了监测和分析,计算了两种径流的次降雨平均浓度(EMC)水平,发现两类径流的COD和TN污染较为严重;屋面径流的化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)分别超标(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002 V类)3.64和4.80倍;路面径流的COD、TN分别超标3.73和1.07倍.利用M(V)曲线,判断径流量同径流污染负荷的关系,发现屋面径流污染物总悬浮颗粒物(TSS)、COD、TN和总磷(TP)发生了不同程度的初始冲刷现象;路面初始冲刷现象主要表现为TSS和TP,总体上初始冲刷效应不明显.汇水面性质、降雨强度、污染物累积状况等都是影响屋面和路面径流污染物排放特征的重要影响因素.     

First flush of storm runoff pollution from an urban catchment in China

Storm runoff pollution process was investigated in an urban catchment with an area of 1.3 km^2 in Wuhan City of China. The results indicate that the pollutant concentration peaks preceded the flow peaks in all of 8 monitored storm events. The intervals between pollution peak and flow peak were shorter in the rain events with higher intensity in the initial period than those with lower intensity. The fractions of pollution load transported by the first 30% of runoff volume （FF30） were 52.2%-72.1% for total suspended solids （TSS）, 53.0%-65.3% for chemical oxygen demand （COD）, 40.4%-50.6% for total nitrogen （TN）, and 45.8%-63.2% for total phosphorus （TP）, respectively. Runoff pollution was positively related to non-raining days before the rainfall. Intercepting the first 30% of runoff volume can remove 62.4% of TSS load, 59.4% of COD load, 46.8% of TN load, and 54.1% of TP load, respectively, according to all the storm events. It is suggested that controlling the first flush is a critical measure in reduction of urban stormwater pollution.     

重庆市不同材质屋面径流水质特性

2010年雨季对重庆市6场降雨时段的屋面径流进行采样监测,分析了水泥屋面和瓦屋面径流污染物的出流过程和初始冲刷现象,并且运用多元统计方法分析了降雨特征对径流水质的影响.结果表明:2种材质屋面径流水质参数中CODCr和TN的次降雨平均浓度(EMC,以ρ计)均超出GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》的Ⅴ类标准,为屋面径流主要污染物.水泥屋面的CODCr、TN、NO3--N、TSS、Cu和Zn的EMC明显高于瓦屋面,分别高出1.63、1.57、1.15、1.70、1.50和1.88倍.在水泥屋面上,ρ(CODCr)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)和ρ(TSS)变化幅度大于瓦屋面,并且其峰值滞后或同步于最大雨强;在瓦屋面上,ρ(CODCr)、ρ(TN)、ρ(TP)和ρ(TSS)的峰值提前或同步于最大雨强.瓦屋面各污染物FF30(初期30%径流携带的污染负荷)的平均值均高于水泥屋面;水泥屋面各污染物(除Zn和Cd外)FF30的标准差均高于瓦屋面.各污染物的EMC与降雨量、平均雨强、径流量和最大雨强呈负相关;溶解态重金属的EMC与前期晴天数呈负相关,其余指标均与前期晴天数呈正相关.      

广州番禺区不同地类的非点源污染排放特征

在广州番禺区建设代表城市、农田、村镇、园地4类典型集水区的径流试验小区,对每个径流小区采集3场有效降雨径流以研究不同土地利用类型的非点源污染负荷输出特征。结果表明,不同土地利用类型的污染物输出浓度差别较大,TSS和COD输出浓度(EMC值)的大小排列顺序为园地>农田>村镇>城市;NH3--N为农田>城市>园地>村镇;NO3--N为城市>农田>村镇>园地;TN为农田>城市>园地>村镇;TP为农田>园地>城市>村镇。对于农田集水区,TSS和COD的输出明显受降雨的影响,而N、P污染物的输出受施肥的影响更为显著;对于城市集水区,晴天累积污染物的数量和降雨情况是决定初期径流中污染负荷的主要因素。污染负荷与径流量之间相关性显著,且颗粒物是携带污染物的重要载体。各径流小区的初始冲刷效应分析结果显示,不透水地面更易发生降雨初期冲刷;降雨强度是影响降雨径流初始冲刷的关键因素。