Concentrations of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in needles of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) growing nearby different industrial sources

Emissions from industrial activities pose a serious threat to human health and impose the need for monitoring both inorganic and organic pollutants in industrial areas.We selected Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) as potential biomonitor and collected the current (C) and previous year (C+1) needles from three industrial sites dominated by petrochemical,ceramics manufacturing,and iron and steel smelting plants and one remote site to determine heavy metals (Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni and Co) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in unwashed and water-washed needles.Both unwashed and washed C+1 needles showed generally higher concentrations of heavy metals and PAHs than C needles,although the washed needles more clearly spotlighted the accumulation effect of PAHs over exposure time.Water-washing resulted in a significant decrease in needle PAH concentrations with more significant effects shown in C needles.By contrast,needle heavy metal concentrations were much less affected by washing.Although heavy metals and PAHs might differ in adsorption and uptake strategies,their higher concentrations in the needles at the industrial sites indicated conspicuous contamination due to industrial emissions there,The PAH distribution patterns in pine needles accorded with the real types of energy consumption in the study sites and were efficiently used for pinpointing local pollutant sources.     

松针生理性质对其富集多环芳烃行为的影响

测定了雪松(Cedrus deodar)和黑松(Pinus thunbergii)松针的脂含量、气孔密度和比表面积等生理性质及松针中多环芳烃 (PAHs)浓度,考察了松针生理性质对其富集PAHs行为的影响.结果表明,雪松松针中PAHs浓度高于黑松,其平均总浓度(ΣPAHs)分别为(1101±692)ng/g和(518±339)ng/g,2种松针对PAHs的富集能力有较大差异,脂含量是决定松针富集PAHs量的首要因素.2种松针中PAHs组成均以3环和4环PAHs为主,分别占ΣPAHs的56%和31%以上.松针对于3环PAHs的富集能力强于4环PAHs,两者浓度差异约为2倍左右;对于5、6环PAHs,未发现其浓度与脂含量之间的相关关系.由于雪松和黑松松针的脂含量随比表面积具有不同的变化趋势,2种松针中PAHs浓度随比表面积的变化趋势相反.对于5、6环PAHs,松针比表面积和气孔密度对其浓度有显著影响.     

基于生物监测法的北京空气质量空间分布特征

基于生物监测法,以北京城区为研究区域,采集了不同功能区和交通水平下的20个采样点的油松松针,采用ICP-AES测定了松针中的w(Pb)、w(Cd)、w(Cu)、w(Zn)、w(S)和w(Ca),对北京城区空气质量空间分布特征及潜在生态风险进行了分析. 结果表明:较高的w(Pb)主要分布在北京西南部的工业区和人口密集居住区;位于老城的交通繁忙区和人口密集居住区及西南部工业区的w(Cu)均较高;较高的w(S)主要出现在北京城西南及东南部的工业区. 因子分析表明:污染物Pb、Zn、Cd和S主要来源于混合污染源(如工业排放、家用炉灶和汽车尾气);Cu主要由人为活动过程(如金属加工)释放. 总的说来,松针中w(Pb)与w(S)高于植物生长的正常范围,对植物生长和人类健康构成了潜在威胁,而Cd、Cu和Zn的污染未呈现潜在生态风险.      

污泥中重金属和多环芳烃(PAHs)的存在特性及其相互关系

在深入研究9种不同污水处理厂污泥中重金属存在形态和15种PAHs含量水平的基础上,讨论了污泥中PAHs和重金属含量之间的相互关系.结果表明,生活污水污泥中Zn的含量最高,其次为Cu,而As和Cd含量较低;工业废水污泥中各重金属含量差异较大,制革污泥的Cr含量超过15000 mg·kg-1.污泥中As、Cr、Cu、Pb主要以可氧化态和残渣态存在;Ni和Zn的酸溶态及可还原态的比例较高;Cd在不同污泥中的形态分布变化较大.生活污水和工业废水污泥中∑PAHs的平均含量相差不大,分别为13.74 mg·kg-1和13.95 mg·kg-1.不同污泥中各PAHa呈现4环>3环>2环>5环>6环的分布特征,化石燃料不完全燃烧和石油类污染是污泥中PAHs的主要来源.污泥中低分子量(2环和3环)PAHs与Cd、Ni、Zn等重金属含量存在显著的相关关系,这种相关关系与重金属作用于污泥中的微生物并最终影响微生物对PAHs的降解有关.     

百色市工业区表层土壤中多环芳烃污染特征及来源分析

为完善我国实地的不同的PAHs污染特征数据库,系统采集了百色市5个工业区表层土壤样品,利用HPLC分析了16种US EPA 优控PAHs的含量和组分特征,运用同分异构体比率法和主成分因子载荷法揭示其污染来源.结果表明,工业区土壤中PAHs总含量范围在18.7~6437μg/kg之间,电厂2土壤中PAHs平均含量最高,达1923.4μg/kg.与国内外相关研究比较,处于中高等污染水平.5个工业区表层土壤样品中PAHs的残留大小顺序为:电厂2>电厂1>炼油厂>润滑油厂>水泥厂;电厂2、电厂1、炼油厂和润滑油厂4个工业区土壤中PAHs污染以4环为主,毒性较高的4环和5环PAHs均高于其他环数PAHs;水泥厂附近土壤中PAHs污染以2、3环为主.研究区域内土壤中Baa、Bkf、Chr和Fla等单体超标严重.工业区土壤中PAHs污染主要来自于燃烧源、石油源及石油源和燃烧源的混合源,燃烧源贡献最大(占45.0%),石油源和燃烧源混合贡献率为36.8%,而石油源所占比例相对较小(占18.2%).     

Characterization and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in sediments of Haihe River, Tianjin, China

In this study sediment samples were collected from 13 sites of Haihe River in Tianjin City, China, sixteen of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） listed in USEPA were analyzed by means of GC-MS. The total concentrations of PAH ranged from 774.81 to 255371.91 ng/g dw, and two to four rings of PAHs were dominant in sediment samples. Molecular ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene, fluoranthene/pyrene and low-molecular-weight PAH/high-molecular-weight PAH, were used to study the possible sources of pollution. It indicated a mixed pattern of parolytic and petrogenic inputs of PAHs in sediments in Haihe River. The petrogenic PAHs may be mainly derived from the leakage of refined products, e.g., gasoline, diesel fuel and fuel oil vehicle traffics or gas stations from urban area. The pyrolytic PAHs might be from the discharge of industrial wastewater and the emission of atmospheric particles from petrochemical factories. In addition, the levels of PAHs in the urban and industrial areas are far beyond the values reported from other rivers and marine systems reported. This situation may be due to polluted discharging from some petrochemical industrial manufactories and worse traffic conditions in Tianjin.     

新乡市机动车排放对道路灰尘中重金属与多环芳烃污染的影响

以新乡市主要道路的地表灰尘为样本,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪和气相色谱质谱联用仪分别测定所含5种重金属(Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu和Zn)和15种多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的含量,并探究了机动车排放对其污染特征的影响.结果显示,重金属和PAHs的含量范围分别为2. 58～1 560 mg·kg~(-1)和ND～1. 30 mg·kg~(-1),其含量总体上随灰尘粒径减小而增高.组成上,重金属以Zn为主,PAHs主要以高环为优势组分.空间分布上,重金属和PAHs含量存在差异:人民路、小店工业园区和水泥厂附近道路灰尘中的重金属总含量最高,而PAHs含量的高值出现在人民路、高速上口和107国道的灰尘中.Pearson相关分析表明,5种重金属与15种PAHs间基本不存在正相关关系.通过聚类分析和因子分析发现,新乡市道路灰尘中的重金属基本不受机动车排放影响,而PAHs受机动车排放影响较大.     

上海市郊工业区附近蔬菜中重金属分布及其健康风险

分析比较上海市郊工业区附近露天蔬菜样品清洗前后Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu、Hg和As含量,并利用目标危害商数对蔬菜可食部分进行健康风险评价.结果表明,清洗蔬菜样品中Cd、Zn、Pb、Cu、Hg和As的平均含量(以鲜重计)分别为0.023、4.444、0.112、0.826、0.004、0.094 mg·kg~(-1).苋菜对于重金属Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu的富集能力最大,而杭白菜对重金属Hg和As的富集能力最强.不同重金属在空间分布特征上没有表现出显著性差异.食用蔬菜前进行清洗可一定程度上降低摄食蔬菜导致的重金属危害风险.健康风险评价结果表明,As元素对TTHQ的贡献率均达到了55%以上,其余元素THQ均小于1,长期食用可能造成As健康风险.食用相同的蔬菜,儿童的健康风险高于成人.     

Size distribution and di use pollution impacts of PAHs in street dust in urban streams in the Yangtze River Delta

Particles of dust washed o streets by stormwater are an important pathway of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into urban streams. This article presented a comprehensive assessment of the size distribution of PAHs in street dust particles, the potential risks of the particles in urban streams, and the sources and sinks of PAHs in the stream network. This assessment was based on measurements of 16 PAHs from the USEPA priority list in street dust particles and river sediments in Xincheng, China. The content of total PAHs ranged from 1629 to 8986 g/kg in street dust particles, where smaller particles have a higher concentrations. Approximately 55% of the total PAHs were associated with particles less than 250 m which accounted for 40% of the total mass of street dust. The PAH quantities increased from 2.41 to 46.86 g/m2 in the sequence of new residential, rising through main roads, old town residential, commercial and industrial areas. The sediments in stream reaches in town were found to be sinks for street dust particle PAHs. The research findings suggested that particle size, land use and the hydrological conditions in the stream network were the factors which most influenced the total loads of PAH in the receiving water bodies.     

Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from Yellow River Estuary and Yangtze River Estuary, China

Surface sediment samples collected from twenty-one sites of Yellow River Estuary and Yangtze River Estuary were determined for sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by isotope dilution GC-MS method. The total PAH contents varied from 10.8 to 252 ng/g in Yellow River Estuary sediment, and from 84.6 to 620 ng/g in Yangtze River Estuary sediment. The mean total PAH content of Yangtze River Estuary was approximately twofold higher than that of Yellow River Estuary. The main reasons for the di erence may be the rapid industrial development and high population along Yangtze River and high silt content of Yellow River Estuary. The evaluation of PAH sources suggested that PAHs in two estuaries sediments estuaries were derived primarily from combustion sources, but minor amounts of PAHs were derived from petroleum source in Yellow River Estuary. PAHs may be primary introduced to Yellow River Estuary via dry/wet deposition, wastewater e uents, and accidental oil spills, and Yangtze River Estuary is more prone to be a ected by wastewater discharge.     

广西岩溶洞穴土壤中多环芳烃污染特征与解析

首次研究相对封闭稳定环境条件下的岩溶洞穴土壤中PAHs的污染特征及其影响因素.以广西桂林大岩洞穴为例,结果表明,在洞穴内部PAHs总量为7.22～117.29 ng·g^-1,远低于洞外土壤中的含量（51.35～235.73 ng·g^-1）,与其他地区相比,表明桂林近郊土壤PAHs污染较轻.大岩土壤中PAHs总量呈现出洞外和洞口附近明显高于洞内而洞内变化不大;洞外和洞口附近土壤中重环组芳烃含量高于轻环组（平均值69.25 ng·g^-1＞38.81 ng·g^-1）,但在洞内土壤中则相反（平均值3.93 ng·g^-1＜7.41 ng·g^-1）,说明洞内PAHs不仅来自于大气迁移过程,而且也来自于洞顶雨水淋滤作用.土壤中PAHs浓度分布表明在洞口附近存在陷阱效应、在洞穴最里端有裂隙存在.陷阱效应使洞口附近重环芳烃浓度显著高于洞外（88.19 ng·g^-1＞31.28 ng·g^-1）,而且PAH分子量与”易陷落性”呈线性相关（R²=0.49）;通过实测值推测从洞口输入的PAHs浓度约为裂隙输入的17倍.温度和分子量差异是影响PAHs在土壤中浓度分布模式的重要因素.     

Size distribution and diffuse pollution impacts of PAHs in street dust in urban streams in the Yangtze River Delta

Particles of dust washed off streets by stormwater are an important pathway of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into urban streams.This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the size distribution of PAHs in street dust particles, the potential risks of the particles in urban streams, and the sources and sinks of PAHs in the stream network.This assessment is based on measurements of 16 PAHs from the USEPA priority list in street dust particles and river sediments in Xincheng, China.The content of total PAHs ranged from 1,629 to 8,986 μg/kg in street dust particles, where smaller particles have a higher concentrations.Approximately 55% of the total PAHs were associated with particles less than 250 μm which accounted for 40% of the total mass of street dust.The PAH quantities increased from 2.41 to 46.86 μg/m2 in the sequence of new residential, rising through main roads, old town residential, commercial and industrial areas.The sediments in stream reaches in town were found to be sinks for street dust particle PAHs.The research findings suggest that particle size, land use and the hydrological conditions in the stream network were the factors which most influenced the total loads of PAH in the receiving water bodies.     

漳卫南运河地表水中溶解态多环芳烃的污染特征、风险评价与来源辨析

研究了漳卫南运河流域地表水中USEPA16种优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征和污染来源,2008年4月、10月水中PAHs总量分别在31.7～74.5ng.L-1、45.3～99.0ng.L-1之间,与国内外其他河流相比,整体处于较低污染水平.四女寺污染最严重;河口污染最轻.整体上看,10月份PAHs浓度比4月份略有增加.从16种多环芳烃单体的组成来看,漳卫南运河PAHs以2环、3环、4环为主.本研究提出了新的∑PAHs生态风险评价方法,结果表明,4、10两个月份最高风险商值(RQ∑PAHs(MPCs))均为0,最低风险商值(RQ∑PAHs(NCs))值分别在34.7～111.0、20.4～88.8之间,平均值分别为58.4、49.8.∑PAHs在7个采样点均呈现低生态风险,且4月份生态风险略高于10月份,风险最高值出现在4月份的四女寺,最低值出现在10月份的河口.源解析结果显示,漳卫南运河流域PAHs的含量和分布主要受煤炭及薪柴燃烧的影响,四女寺和河口地区受到一定的石油污染的影响.     

抚顺市大气重金属污染的植物监测与分析研究

采用生物富集原理,利用松针对抚顺地区大气中重金属元素的分布情况进行了监测与分析,结果表明:抚顺地区三种不同的松树对不同金属元素的富集能力是不同的,总体上看沙松的富集能力略高于油松和落叶松;工业区、交通干道和居民区松针中富集的金属含量高于农村地区;从不同的海拔高度上来看,在500米以下的低空大气中金属元素的分布量比高海拔地区高;不同金属元素间存在一定的相关关系。     

Influence of rice straw burning on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural county of Taiwan

Atmospheric particulate and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) size distribution were measured at Jhu-Shan (a rural site) and Sin-Gang (a town site) in central Taiwan during the rice straw burning and non-burning periods. The concentrations of total PAHs accounting for a roughly 58% (34%) increment in the concentrations of total PAHs due to rice-straw burning. Combustion-related PAHs during burning periods were 1.54–2.57 times higher than those during non-burning periods. The mass median diameter (MMD) of 0.88–1.21 m in the particulate phase suggested that rice-straw burning generated the increase in coarse particle number. Chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model analyses showed that the primary pollution sources at the two sites were similar. However, ricestraw burning emission was specifically identified as a significant source of PAH during burning periods at the two sites. Open burning of rice straws was estimated to contribute approximately 6.3%–24.6% to total atmospheric PAHs at the two sites.     

珠江三角洲地区主要树种叶片多环芳烃含量特征及影响因素分析

应用气相色谱-质谱联用方法测定了珠江三角洲地区6种主要树种叶片多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并对相应的叶脂含量、叶面积、比叶面积进行了测定,探讨了叶片PAHs含量特征和种间差异的影响因素.结果显示,松针PAHs含量显著高于阔叶,马尾松松针含量最高(1 034.7 ng·g-1),荷木含量最低(199.7 ng·g-1).在所有样品中,芴、菲、荧蒽、芘、世面(艹屈)为主要的PAHs组分,3、4环PAHs含量占∑PAHs的80%以上,各环化合物与∑PAHs在不同显著性水平上呈显著正相关关系.按脂含量计算PAHs含量能大大缩小种间含量的差异,高、低值相差约2倍(分别为6.8 ng·mg-1和2.7 ng·mg-1);按单位叶面积计算的PAHs含量进一步扩大了种间差异,最高值(15.3 ng·cm-2)约最低值(1.9 ng·cm-2)的8倍.进一步分析表明,ΣPAHs、3环PAHs、4环PAHs与脂含量呈良好线性正相关关系、与比叶面积表现出一定的线性负相关关系,显示两者是影响叶片PAHs含量种间差异的重要因素.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air, surface soil and wheat grain near a large steel-smelting manufacturer in northern China

The total concentrations and component profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air, surface soil and wheat grain collected from wheat fields near a large steel-smelting manufacturer in Northern China were determined. Based on the specific isomeric ratios of paired species in ambient air, principle component analysis and multivariate linear regression, the main emission source of local PAHs was identified as a mixture of industrial and domestic coal combustion, biomass burning and traffic exhaust. The total organic carbon (TOC) fraction was considerably correlated with the total and individual PAH concentrations in surface soil. The total concentrations of PAHs in wheat grain were relatively low, with dominant low molecular weight constituents, and the compositional profile was more similar to that in ambient air than in topsoil. Combined with more significant results from partial correlation and linear regression models, the contribution from air PAHs to grain PAHs may be greater than that from soil PAHs.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in rain and street runoff in Amman, Jordan

Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were determined in the rain and street runoff samples from two sites in the vicinity of Amman City during the pluvial period 1999--2000. The results showed that elevated levels of PAHs were detected in the city center(site 1 ) than the residential area( site 2) and that the levels were higher in street runoff than rain samples of the same sites. The highest concentration of PAHs in both street runoff and rain samples were observed in the first rainy month( November 1999) which indicated a wash out effect of PAHs originating from vehicular emission accumulated during the long dry summer season before sampling. Within the investigated cold winter seasons, fluctuations in PAHs concentration were observed. The variation was attributed to the fossil combustion for heating purposes and to intervals between rainfalls: as the longer the intervals between rains were, the higher the PAH concentration were. Removal of PAHs from the atmosphere through precipitation over the investigated period varied with time and places depending on the amount of rainfall where higher rainfall removed higher amount of PAHs from the almosphere. The amount of PAHs washed out through precipitation was estimated to be around 14.8 mg/m^2 and 21.1 mg/m^2 for sites 1 and 2 respectively.     

太原城区PM2.5中多环芳烃、硝基多环芳烃的污染特征、来源解析和健康风险评价

以2013—2014年期间太原城区大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))为研究对象,定量分析了其中多环芳烃和硝基多环芳烃的浓度.结果显示,太原城区PM_(2.5)中16种多环芳烃和12种硝基多环芳烃的浓度分别为13.8~547和0.70~4.33 ng·m~(-3),硝基多环芳烃浓度低于多环芳烃浓度1~2个数量级.太原城区PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃最高值出现在冬季,最低值出现在夏季,冬季污染物浓度平均值高于夏季20倍,主要是由于北方采暖期间取暖用煤量的增加使得多环芳烃排放量大幅提高;与之不同的是,硝基多环芳烃浓度季节变化并不显著,冬季浓度均值与夏季差异小于5倍(除9-硝基蒽),反映出硝基多环芳烃生成主要与机动车尾气排放有关,其排放不受季节控制,这与实际情况是吻合的.此外,基于因子分析和化合物比值结果发现,太原城区大气PM_(2.5)中9-硝基蒽有来自周边地区木材燃烧的贡献.健康风险评价结果表明,必须对多环芳烃排放进行有效控制来降低人群在冬季大气中的暴露风险;对于硝基多环芳烃,其健康风险更要引起足够的重视.     

奥运期间北京交通环境细颗粒物中多环芳烃特征研究

采用GC/MS测定了奥运空气质量保障措施实施期间(2008年8月)及非奥运时段(2008年6月、2009年8月)北京市北四环道路边PM2.5中12种优控PAHs含量,并应用特征化合物比值法对PAHs来源进行了识别.研究表明,奥运空气质量保障措施实施期问PAHs总浓度平均为4.77 ng·m-3,较非奥运时段下降了59%...