GA-g-PAMPS/AA/ST凝胶的制备及对亚甲基蓝吸附性能

采用微波辐射技术,通过接枝共聚反应制备了阿拉伯胶（GA）-g-2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸（AMPS）/丙烯酸（AA）/海泡石黏土（ST）（GA-g-PAMPS/AA/ST）复合水凝胶,利用FTIR、XRD、SEM对复合水凝胶进行了表征,研究了水凝胶对水溶液中亚甲基蓝（MB）染料的吸附性能.结果显示：GA、ST和AA与AMPS发生了接枝共聚反应,形成具有均匀三维网络结构的复合水凝胶.0.025g水凝胶可以使体积为50mL、pH值为6.4、浓度为600mg/L的MB溶液的吸附量和吸附率分别达1146mg/g和95.5%,水凝胶具有较好的重复利用性能.Freundlich等温模型和准二级动力学模型能更好地描述吸附过程.热力学研究表明水凝胶对亚甲基蓝吸附是自发、吸热和不可逆的过程.该水凝胶可用作阳离子染料和阳离子型污染物的潜在候选生物质吸附剂.     

GA-g-PAMPS/AA/ST凝胶的制备及对亚甲基蓝吸附性能

采用微波辐射技术,通过接枝共聚反应制备了阿拉伯胶（GA）-g-2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸（AMPS）/丙烯酸（AA）/海泡石黏土（ST）（GA-g-PAMPS/AA/ST）复合水凝胶,利用FTIR、XRD、SEM对复合水凝胶进行了表征,研究了水凝胶对水溶液中亚甲基蓝（MB）染料的吸附性能.结果显示：GA、ST和AA与AMPS发生了接枝共聚反应,形成具有均匀三维网络结构的复合水凝胶.0.025g水凝胶可以使体积为50mL、pH值为6.4、浓度为600mg/L的MB溶液的吸附量和吸附率分别达1146mg/g和95.5%,水凝胶具有较好的重复利用性能.Freundlich等温模型和准二级动力学模型能更好地描述吸附过程.热力学研究表明水凝胶对亚甲基蓝吸附是自发、吸热和不可逆的过程.该水凝胶可用作阳离子染料和阳离子型污染物的潜在候选生物质吸附剂.     

纳米复合水凝胶的制备及其对重金属离子的吸附

以N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺(HMAm)和2-丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEA)为共聚单体,采用60Co-γ射线低温辐照法,制备了具酰胺基和羟基的新型聚合物水凝胶p(HMAm/HEA),运用原位沉淀法制备了纳米复合水凝胶HMO-p(HMAm/HEA),用于对重金属离子Pb~(2+)和Cu~(2+)的去除.应用SEM、TEM、FTIR等方法对水凝胶进行表征,表征结果证明p(HMAm/HEA)是HMAm和HEA的共聚产物,且纳米水合氧化锰(HMO)成功负载.探讨了溶液初始p H值、反应温度、重金属初始浓度、反应时间、竞争性Ca~(2+)和Na+浓度等因素对纳米复合水凝胶吸附过程的影响,研究表明HMO-p(HMAm/HEA)对Pb~(2+)和Cu~(2+)的吸附过程不受温度的影响;吸附量随着溶液初始p H的升高而增加;吸附过程属于Langmuir单分子层吸附;吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学吸附;高浓度的Ca~(2+)和Na~+对吸附过程影响不大.XPS图谱进一步证明吸附机制是重金属离子与羟基间的离子交换作用.采用0.05 mol·L~(-1)的HCl溶液为脱附剂,经过4次吸附-脱附循环再生后,纳米复合水凝胶重复利用性好.     

改性水凝胶的制备及其对Pb2+、Cd2+吸附性能研究

采用60Co-γ射线低温辐射技术,以丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEA)和N-乙烯基甲酰胺(NVF)为共聚单体,合成了一种新型共聚物水凝胶:聚(丙烯酸羟乙酯/N-乙烯基甲酰胺)[p(HEA/NVF)],并采用三乙烯四胺(TETA)对其进行胺化改性,制得一改性水凝胶:聚(丙烯酸羟乙酯/N-乙烯基甲酰胺)-三乙烯四胺[p(H/V)-T].对制备的p(HEA/NVF)凝胶进行了SEM分析和FTIR分析,并对改性后的p(H/V)-T进行XPS分析及FTIR分析.研究了改性前后水凝胶对重金属Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附性能,改性后水凝胶对Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附动力学,以及重金属离子初始浓度、pH值等对改性凝胶吸附性能的影响,并对吸附重金属前后的水凝胶进行电子能谱分析.SEM分析表明,p(HEA/NVF)水凝胶是一种具有多孔结构的高分子材料;吸附实验结果表明,相比较p(HEA/NVF),p(H/V)-T对Pb2+的吸附量增加了700%,对Cd2+的吸附量增加了600%;p(H/V)-T对Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附量随着pH的升高而增加,吸附过程满足准二级动力学方程,并均能较好地符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温吸附模型(R2>0.95);红外分析证实,HEA和NVF已成功聚合为一新型共聚物水凝胶,且多胺基团已被成功地接于共聚物水凝胶表面;XPS分析得出,改性后水凝胶p(H/V)-T对重金属Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附机制为两者之间的螯合作用.     

不同状态MnO2对废水中As(III)的吸附研究

利用MnO2对含As(III)废水进行了吸附实验, 结果表明, MnO2对As(III)有着较强的吸附能力, 其饱和吸附量为44.06mg/g(δ-MnO2)和17.9mg/g(ε-MnO2), 阴离子的存在使MnO2吸附量有所下降, 一些阳离子(如Ga3+、In3+)可增加其吸附量, 吸附后的MnO2经解吸后可重复使用.     

活性炭/高分子复合水凝胶对水中亚甲基蓝和Cu(Ⅱ)的去除性能

采用活性炭/海藻酸钠-聚乙烯醇复合水凝胶(CAP)为吸附剂,以水溶液中的亚甲基蓝(MB)和Cu~(2+)为目标污染物,考察了固液比、p H、温度、反应时间、MB和Cu~(2+)的初始浓度等因素对吸附过程的影响.通过SEM、FTIR、BET等手段对CAP物化性质进行了表征.结果表明,CAP内部呈现互穿的三维网络多孔结构,成功复合了活性炭,具有丰富的—COOH和—OH官能团,比表面积可达112.7 m~2·g~(-1).CAP对MB和Cu~(2+)的吸附量随着固液比、温度的增大而降低,随着溶液初始p H的升高而增大;吸附属于Langmuir单层吸附,对MB和Cu~(2+)的最大吸附量分别为1 940.75 mg·g~(-1)和190.48 mg·g~(-1);反应时间在5 h内吸附量可达最大吸附量的90%,吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学方程;活性炭/高分子复合水凝胶经过5次吸附-脱附循环再生后,仍能保持优异的吸附性能.     

氢氧化镧大孔水凝胶对磷的吸附特征研究

该文以绿色环保的低共熔单体为溶剂,采用前端聚合法制备了一种氢氧化镧大孔水凝胶(PAM-LH水凝胶),并探讨了PAM-LH水凝胶对磷的吸附效果及机理.结果 表明,当PAM-LH水凝胶中氢氧化镧含量为5％(w)时,磷的吸附效果最佳,吸附容量达19.45 mg/g.Langmuir等温吸附方程拟合结果较好(p＜0.01),表明PAM-LH水凝胶对磷的吸附主要以单分子层吸附为主;吸附动力学方程拟合结果表明,内扩散过程为PAM-LH水凝胶对磷吸附速率的主要限制因子.SEM扫描电镜、红外光谱、能谱分析表明,PAM-LH水凝胶的吸附机理是以化学吸附为主.     

氯化钙活化稻草秸秆生物质炭的制备工艺及其吸磷性能研究

在大多数生态系统中,磷(P)元素是植物生长的限制性元素,也是造成水体富营养化的主要原因.而水体中P的去除方法中尤以吸附法的研究和应用最为广泛.本文以稻草秸秆为原料,Ca Cl2(质量分数10%)为活化剂制备活性生物质炭,作为控制农业面源污染的吸P材料.通过控制稻草秸秆炭制备的炭化温度、浸渍比等工艺条件及溶液初始P浓度、吸附时间、秸秆炭用量、干扰离子、pH等试验条件,研究改性稻草秸秆炭吸P性能及其吸附机理.试验结果表明:在考虑经济性的前提下,稻草秸秆炭吸P性能最优的制备工艺条件为:炭化温度为700℃,浸渍比(m稻草∶m氯化钙)为1∶0.5;改性稻草秸秆炭处理含10 mg·L-1PO3-4-P(以P计)水样,P去除率可达到97%,溶液pH从6.87升至9.52;对稻草秸秆炭对P的吸附情况采用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型进行拟合,R2可分别达到0.947和0.892,说明其主要为单分子层化学吸附;此外,根据溶液的pH和P浓度的变化情况,推测P的吸附主要由离子交换实现,即PO3-4-P(主要为H2PO-4)取代结合在Ca离子上的氢氧根而被吸附,秸秆炭上的氢氧根释放,水样pH值上升.     

三维网状HZO@SGH对水中氟离子的吸附作用和机制

本研究采用均相沉淀法制备得到具有独特三维网状结构的水合氧化锆包覆的石墨烯水凝胶(HZO@SGH).利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱分析仪(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱分析仪(XPS)对HZO@SGH进行表征,分析其形貌结构和除氟机制.通过批量吸附实验考察HZO@SGH对水中氟离子的吸附性能.结果表明,HZO@SGH对溶液中氟离子的吸附容量明显高于HZO和SGH.拟二级动力学模型能很好地拟合HZO@SGH对氟离子的吸附动力学数据,说明吸附速率主要由化学吸附控制;吸附氟离子过程可由D-R吸附等温模型描述,最大吸附量达31.79 mg·g~(-1),高于部分已报道的含锆复合材料的吸附量.HZO@SGH在较低pH(3~6.5)和含有NO_3~-、C~l-、低浓度SO_4~(2-)(≤10 mg·L~(-1))的氟离子溶液中能保持优异的吸附性能.吸附剂制备过程简单环保,易于从溶液中分离而不产生二次污染,是一种潜在的氟离子吸附剂.     

介孔炭干凝胶对孔雀石绿的吸附性能研究

以间苯二酚和甲醛为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法,通过调整碱性催化剂碳酸钠用量,制备了一系列介孔丰富的炭干凝胶吸附剂.主要考察了介孔炭干凝胶对染料孔雀石绿的吸附性能,并进行了孔结构、表面形貌和官能团的分析.结果表明,催化剂用量不同的介孔炭干凝胶具有不同的粒径和孔径,当间苯二酚与碳酸钠的物质的量比为1000∶1时,制得的吸附剂比表面积和介孔最丰富,且其对孔雀石绿的吸附量最大.同时,介孔炭干凝胶的用量、吸附时间和温度对吸附容量均有一定的影响,吸附过程符合伪二阶动力学模型和Langmuir等温模型,最大吸附量为208.33 mg·g~(-1);吸附过程是自发的吸热反应.介孔炭干凝胶对孔雀石绿的主要吸附机理是染料分子与羟基和羧基等官能团之间存在静电作用、氢键作用及范德华力作用.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.