天利德雨水回用探讨

本文通过研究国内外雨水回用系统的发展现状,了解我国雨水回用系统的构成并结合天利德在北京某厂区回用系统的实例,分析雨水收集回用带来的经济、环境等方面的效益,分析我国现有雨水收集回收系统发展存在的问题,以此提出相应的建议,为今后雨水回用系统的发展提供借鉴。     

住宅小区雨水资源化与中水回用模式与技术

住宅小区雨水资源化利用与中水回用是建设节水型城市,实现水资源可持续利用的重要组成部分。住宅小区的雨水资源化利用技术将雨水收集、雨水分散处理、雨水集中利用、雨水渗透等技术进行集成优化,具有处理效果好、雨水利用率高、管理方便的优点。住宅小区中水回用属于封闭式污水再生回用系统,采用膜生物反应器(MBR)技术作为小区中水回用技术,具有占地面积少、工艺流程短、处理效率高等优点。     

雨水花园设计要点剖析与应用实例

雨水花园是一种有效的雨水最佳管理实践措施,也是我国海绵城市建设优先推荐选用的技术措施,可有效净化雨水中的污染物,并实现水文削峰与调控功能,具有良好的景观效应和生态功能。首先根据不同区域与规模介绍了雨水花园的布局形式,然后结合不同应用条件,详细剖析了雨水花园蓄水层、过滤介质层、植物、进水与溢流系统等主要构造,并对比分析了雨水花园面积常用的确定方法;最后解析了墨尔本中心街道雨水花园设计实例,以期为国内雨水花园的设计提供参考。     

自然失水条件下土壤的入渗特性研究

下凹绿地、雨水花园等生物滞留设施可参与雨水和地表径流的自然下渗与调节,是海绵城市建设的重要组成部分,雨水入渗对削减雨水外排具有重要作用。目前对土壤渗流的设计主要基于达西定律,但对非饱和土壤来说,达西定律并不广泛适用。对不同初始含水率土壤进行变水头渗透试验,得出其变水头渗透速度与时间的关系,并与达西定律计算结果进行对比,变水头渗透速度与时间的关系式可为海绵城市中土壤入渗的设计计算提供参考。     

广州某商业中心雨水回收利用设计

以某商业中心为例,介绍了屋面雨水回收用于空调冷却塔补水的设计。根据广州地区雨水资源丰富、水质良好及工程项目的特点,确定了雨水回收范围、回收用途,并进行了月均水量平衡计算。经济效益分析表明,该系统每年可节约市政供水34000m^3,经济效益和环境效益显著。     

深圳市中银花园中水回用示范工程设计与运行

深圳市水资源严重短缺,中水回用对于节约水资源有着重要的意义。文章详细介绍了深圳市第一个中水回用示范工程——中银花园中水回用工程的设计、运行情况,并进行了技术经济指标分析。     

生物滞留系统去除雨水病原微生物的研究进展

雨水虽是一种可持续的非常规水源,但径流过程中携带的病原微生物对公共卫生及人类健康存在潜在风险。生物滞留系统是海绵城市建设中径流污染控制的常用源头措施,其不仅可去除常规性污染物,还可在一定程度上控制病原微生物,在雨水处理回用方面具有良好的应用前景。文章结合回用水质标准重点分析了生物滞留系统对病原微生物的削减效果,综述了强化型生物滞留系统对病原微生物的去除研究进展。传统生物滞留系统虽可有效去除病原微生物,但难以满足雨水回用要求,而选用抗菌性植物,增设抗菌填料或添加生物炭介质可显著提高系统对病原微生物的去除率。作者提出,今后的研究将重点关注雨水径流中病原微生物在生物滞留系统中的去除机理与过程模型,进而探寻系统的最佳运行条件与工艺设计参数,以提高系统对病原微生物的去除效果与稳定性。     

中水回用与效益分析

当前我国水资源供需矛盾日益加剧,实现中水利用是节约水资源的一条有效途径.通过分析中水水源、MBR处理技术及中水用途,结合一个高校实例,进行经济效益分析,并对建设中水回用系统的可行性进行论证.经计算可得效益费用比达到2.38,经济效益是非常明显的,具有实际的参考价值.中水回用不仅节约了水资源而且也产生了明显的经济效益,是城市发展的趋势.     

洗车废水回用系统设计

在比较分析国内处理洗车废水回用的主要工艺基础上,根据珠海洗车场的现状及废水的特点,选择化学物理处理方法。实验结果验证混凝-砂滤-活性炭工艺组合对洗车废水具有良好处理效果,处理后水质达到城市杂用水水质标准。结合珠海市的洗车业用水和废水处理现状,设计出一套适合珠海洗车场使用的废水回用处理系统。造价、占地面积、运维成本等经济可行性分析结果表明,该套系统具有成本低廉、资源节约、操作简单、便于维护的特点,为未来实行小型一体化洗车废水回用设备提供了可借鉴的资料。     

雨水花园设计要点及其在上海市的应用探讨

雨水花园可以有效地控制径流污染、削减径流流量和峰值流量,是低影响开发技术体系中的重要措施。结合不同应用条件,从设施面积、组成构造2个方面分析了雨水花园设计中的关键参数;根据上海市地下水位高、初期径流污染负荷高、土壤粘粒含量高的特点,探讨了雨水花园在上海市的应用,为国内雨水花园的设计提供参考。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.