不同植物覆盖下黄河三角洲湿地土壤中微塑料的分布

为揭示黄河三角洲湿地地区土壤中微塑料分布与植物覆盖的相关性,选择低盐优势物种芦苇（Phragmites communis）和高盐优势物种盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）为研究对象,探讨其生长土壤共计16个样点中微塑料的分布特征.结果表明,该地区植物覆盖土壤中微塑料丰度范围为80~4640 n·kg^-1,粒径范围为13 μm~5 mm,大粒径微塑料成分主要有聚乙烯（PE）、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）和聚苯乙烯（PS）,其中PET含量为0.22~1.16 μg·kg^-1.芦苇相对盐地碱蓬对土壤中微塑料有更大的阻隔.芦苇生长点位上土壤微塑料丰度和PET含量均值分别为1423 n·kg^-1和0.62 μg·kg^-1,以50 μm以下粒径的小颗粒为主;盐地碱蓬生长点位上土壤微塑料丰度均值和PET含量分别为584 n·kg^-1和0.33 μg·kg^-1,以100~1000 μm粒径的碎片和纤维为主.微塑料丰度与植物生长状况具有显著相关性（P=0.001）.因此,同一区域不同植物覆盖下土壤中微塑料的分布可能会存在空间差异.     

海州湾潮间带沙蚕对沉积物微塑料的指示作用

2018年7月于海州湾潮滩设置3个断面共9个站位,通过对海州湾潮滩沉积物中以及沙蚕体内微塑料的丰度和形态特征的研究,探讨了沙蚕体内微塑料的来源,以及沙蚕对潮滩沉积物微塑料的指示作用.结果表明,潮滩沉积物中微塑料的平均丰度为（0.49±0.17） n·g^-1,处于国内近岸环境研究的较高水平.所有检测到的微塑料中,最为丰富的形态和颜色类型分别为纤维和黑灰色,材质以聚乙烯（polyethylene,PE）、聚酯纤维（polyester,PET）和聚苯乙烯（polystyrene,PS）为主.沙蚕中微塑料检出率为77.78%~86.67%,平均丰度为（6.68±2.21） n·ind^-1,其丰度与个体质量显著正相关（r=0.42,P=0.002）,个体质量1.5 g以上的沙蚕中微塑料丰度显著高于<0.5 g和0.5~1 g两个组别（F₃=141.029,P=0.000）,微塑料形态以黑色或蓝色小纤维为主,主要材质同样为聚乙烯和聚酯纤维.通过对0~3 mm范围内的微塑料各项特征分析发现,沉积物与沙蚕中的微塑料丰度强相关（r=0.79,P=0.01）,其主要形态组成（r=0.90,P=0.035）和材质组成（r=0.73,P=0.024）同样显著相关,表明沙蚕会摄取沉积环境中的微塑料,存在与沉积物之间的微塑料交换,沙蚕作为沉积物中微塑料污染指示生物物种是可行的.     

玛瑙河多环境介质和铜锈环棱螺体内微塑料的赋存特征

微塑料污染对水生态系统及人类健康危害大,为探究微塑料在不同环境介质中的赋存特征,选择长江一级支流玛瑙河为研究区域,通过现场采样、显微镜观察和傅里叶红外光谱测定等,对玛瑙河表层水体、沉积物、河岸带土壤和底栖动物铜锈环棱螺中微塑料的丰度、粒径、形状、颜色和组成类型进行了分析.结果表明,玛瑙河表层水体的微塑料平均丰度为（5.9±0.26）n·L^-1;上层沉积物中微塑料丰度（以干重计）为（1.35±0.1）n·g^-1,下层沉积物中微塑料丰度（以干重计）为（0.93±0.12）n·g^-1;近河岸带土壤中微塑料丰度（以干重计）为（0.68±0.16）n·g^-1,远河岸带土壤中微塑料丰度（以干重计）为（0.69±0.14）n·g^-1;铜锈环棱螺体内微塑料丰度为（2.06±0.25）n·g^-1.分析发现,上层沉积物和下层沉积物中微塑料丰度呈正相关;铜锈环棱螺体内微塑料丰度分别与上、下层沉积物中微塑料丰度呈正相关;近、远河岸带土壤中微塑料丰度具有相关性.各环境介质和铜锈环棱螺体内微塑料粒径大多<0.1mm,主要形态为纤维状和碎片状,颜色以蓝色和黑色为主,成分主要是聚丙烯（PP）和聚乙烯（PE）.研究发现,河岸带土壤中微塑料主要来源于农用塑料薄膜的破碎和分解.通过多环境介质调查和铜锈环棱螺体内微塑料的分析,探明了大型底栖动物体内微塑料的累积效应,可为全面了解微塑料潜在生态风险提供依据.     

青岛近岸表层海水和潮滩沉积物中微塑料的分布及其影响因素

微塑料（<5 mm）是一种备受关注的新兴污染物.目前微塑料在山东近岸的分布规律和影响因素尚不明确.本文选取青岛市红岛水产养殖区海域、李村河口附近海域、团岛污水处理厂海域、麦岛沙滩附近海域的表层海水和潮滩沉积物为研究对象,通过现场采样、密度浮选分离、显微镜观察、傅里叶红外测定等方法,揭示青岛近岸表层海水和潮滩沉积物中微塑料的分布规律及其影响因素.结果表明,4个区域表层海水中微塑料丰度从小到大为麦岛（1439个·m^-3）<李村河口（7209个·m^-3）<团岛（12785个·m^-3）<红岛（16869个·m^-3）,潮滩沉积物中微塑料的丰度从小到大为麦岛（1517个·m^-2）<团岛（1794个·m^-2）<红岛（2244个·m^-2）<李村河口（2789个·m^-2）.分析表明,青岛近岸小粒径微塑料（<1 mm）的含量最多;白色是青岛近岸微塑料的主要颜色;纤维在海水和潮滩沉积物中的含量最高,分别占海水和沉积物中微塑料的62.76%和59.92%;表层海水中聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯类塑料的比例最大,主要来自于海洋渔业和海洋运输业,潮滩沉积物中聚丙烯的比例最大,主要来自水产养殖业和旅游业.不同采样区域的主要人类活动的种类和强度不同,影响了微塑料的丰度和种类;不同环境介质（海水、潮滩沉积物）的自然条件不同（紫外线照射时间和强度、风化作用等）,影响了微塑料的颜色、粒径、形状和分布规律.     

湟水河流域地表水体微塑料分布、风险及影响因素

为探究我国青藏高原淡水环境中微塑料的分布情况,采用金相显微镜观察、傅里叶红外光谱测定、野外调查和影像数据分析等方法对青海省湟水河流域丰水期63个地表水样中微塑料的分布特征和影响因素进行分析,并依据风险指数（H）和污染负荷（PLI）指数模型评估了微塑料的潜在生态风险.结果表明,流域水体中微塑料丰度范围为665~8780 n ·m^-3,湟源县水系平均丰度最高,达5414 n ·m^-3,各支流丰度从上游到下游逐渐增大.微塑料中薄膜类和颗粒类分别占36%和33%,透明和黑色分别占67%和17%,粒径在0.45~50 μm的占70%,聚乙烯（66%）和聚丙烯（12%）为主要的聚合物类型.微塑料丰度与耕地面积、降水量和紫外线强度正相关,与溶解氧、氧化还原电位和风速显著负相关,微塑料的分布受人类活动和环境因子的共同影响.总体上湟水河流域地表水体中微塑料的潜在生态风险较低.     

淮河流域安徽段水体和沉积物微塑料赋存特征及风险评估

为探究淮河流域安徽段水体与沉积物微塑料赋存特征及生态风险级别,采用野外采样、体式显微镜、扫描电镜、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）以及风险指数（H）和污染负荷指数（PLI）模型等方法,分析了流域水体和沉积物微塑料现状,并进行了微塑料生态风险评估.结果表明,流域各点位微塑料检测率为100%,表层水与沉积物微塑料平均丰度分别为（39800±3367） n ·m^-3和（5078±447） n ·kg^-1,下游微塑料平均丰度要高于上游和中游.水体和沉积物微塑料粒径以20~150 μm为主,占比分别为82.96%和80.77%.微塑料形状主要为纤维（水体76.05%、沉积物84.53%）、薄膜（水体21.83%、沉积物15.43%）和碎片（水体2.12%、沉积物0.04%）.水体和沉积物中微塑料主要以透明颜色为主,占比分别为63.31%和83.69%.水体和沉积物主要以聚乙烯（水体65.74%、沉积物80.62%）和聚丙烯（水体18.43%、沉积物9.71%）为主,微塑料主要来源于农业薄膜、废弃渔具渔网和港口人为废弃的塑料袋.微塑料风险指数（H）模型评估表明部分点位风险指数较高,淮河流域安徽段微塑料风险等级为Ⅱ级,污染负荷指数（PLI）模型评估表明流域地表水体和沉积物总体上生态风险较低.     

宜昌市东山运河微塑料污染评估及年排放量估算

微塑料作为一种新兴的污染物受到世界的广泛关注.城市是微塑料污染产生的重点区域,而城市水体则是微塑料向其他淡水环境传输的重要载体.以宜昌市城区东山运河为研究对象,于2022年7月和10月分别通过现场采样、显微镜观察和傅里叶红外光谱测定等方法,鉴定和分析了东山运河水体中微塑料的赋存特征和潜在污染来源,并依据风险指数（H）、污染负荷指数（PLI）模型和比例流量法定量评估了水体中微塑料的生态风险和年排放量.结果表明,东山运河表层水中微塑料的平均丰度为（7 295±1 051） n·m^-3（7月）和（5 145±762.6） n·m^-3（10月）;其中,纤维状（27.63%~63.23%）、尺寸<0.5 mm（75.68%~96.2%）和彩色（22.73%~61.83%）的微塑料占据主导地位,材质以PE（30.1%）和PET（26.33%）为主;两种模型的评估结果显示,东山运河生态风险指数属于Ⅲ类,总体污染负荷属于Ⅰ类,部分点位污染负荷达Ⅱ类;通过估算得出东山运河每年向长江输送微塑料约3.37 t.总体而言,宜昌市东山运河微塑料污染程度属于中等,其污染来源可能是洗衣废水、个人护理产品和塑料废弃物等.     

覆膜年限和有机肥施用对花生田耕层土壤微塑料赋存特征的影响

地膜和有机肥料的大量投入已导致我国农田土壤微塑料污染日趋严重.为研究调查山东德州花生农田微塑料污染状况,分析了该区域不同覆膜年限（0、3、5和8 a）和有机肥施用对农田土壤中微塑料的丰度、粒径、颜色和形状等赋存特征的影响.结果表明,覆膜0、3、5和8 a后花生耕层土壤微塑料丰度的平均值分别为65.33、316.00、1 098.67和1 346.34 n·kg^-1.随着土层深度的增加微塑料丰度降低,0～10、10～20和20～30 cm耕层中的土壤微塑料丰度分别为1 076.00、603.50和440.25 n·kg^-1,并且增加覆膜年限和施加有机肥都显著增加了微塑料的丰度（P<0.05）.粒径<1 mm微塑料占总量的77.30%,且随着覆膜年限的增加,小粒径（<1 mm）微塑料占比显著升高（P<0.05）,随着土层深度的增加,其占比亦逐渐增加,施加有机肥对微塑料粒径没有显著影响.微塑料颜色组成以透明（49.77%）为主,其次是黑色（16.35%）和白色（16.27%）,覆膜年限和有机肥施加对土壤中微塑料的颜色影响不显著（P>0.05）,但覆膜年限显著增加了透明微塑料的占比.微塑料类型主要包括纤维类、薄膜类、碎片类、泡沫类和颗粒类,其占比分别为： 49.77%、25.41%、19.15%、3.26%和2.41%.耕层土壤微塑料的主要聚合物类型包含聚乙烯（PE）、聚丙烯（PP）和聚苯乙烯（PS）,分别占总量的21.37%、18.57%和19.77%.由此,山东德州花生田耕层土壤中普遍存在微塑料,且地膜和有机肥施用是其主要来源,这可为花生田耕层土壤微塑料污染物防控提供重要依据.     

黄土高原土地利用方式对微塑料丰度和形态分布的影响

微塑料作为一种新型污染物,受到了国内外研究的广泛关注.黄土高原作为我国主要农业产区之一,不同土地利用方式对土壤中微塑料丰度和形态分布的影响尚不清楚.采集了黄土高塬沟壑区王东沟流域内耕地、苹果园和垃圾场这3种不同土地利用方式下的土壤,采用改良的密度离心法对微塑料进行分离提取,并使用激光红外成像系统对土壤中微塑料的丰度、组成以及形态特征进行分析鉴定.结果表明,王东沟流域土壤微塑料的平均丰度为4715 n·kg^-1,主要由聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）、聚氨酯（PU）和醇酸树脂（ALK）等类型组成,分别占30.39%、29.58%和8.42%;超过80%的微塑料为碎片状,且超过60%的微塑料粒径≤50 μm.不同土地利用方式下的微塑料平均丰度差异明显,呈现耕地土壤（7550 n·kg^-1）>苹果园土壤（3440 n·kg^-1）>垃圾场土壤（2283 n·kg^-1）的趋势.苹果园土壤微塑料的平均面积及宽度、高度、偏心度和圆度等形态特征与耕地和垃圾场土壤的微塑料均存在显著差异.     

我国陆域水体系统表层水中微塑料生态风险评估

针对我国陆域水体系统表层水微塑料（MPs）生态风险问题,通过Science Direct和Web of Science等网站查询关键词microplastics、urban和river等获取相关文献及数据,从2017~2021年的研究,覆盖15个省份33个水体,并基于MPs丰度、聚合物占比和化学危害数据构建了生态风险表征比率（RCR）的评价方法.结果表明,我国自然水体的MPs丰度平均值为（3604.2±5926.4） n ·m^-3,城市水体中MPs丰度平均值为（7722.6±9505.7） n ·m^-3;相应的,自然水体的RCR平均值为22.09±45.2,城市水体RCR平均值为15.67±34.8.因此,根据RCR的值将生态风险程度划分为4个等级.其中,无显著风险（≤1）有17个,占42.5%;低生态风险（1~10）有12个,占30%、中生态风险（10~100）有9个,占22.5%;高生态风险（>100）有2个,占5%.数据分析显示,自然水体的MPs丰度与RCR值（R²=0.875,P<0.01）存在显著的相关性,但在城市水体的MPs丰度与RCR值间不存在显著的相关性.这表明MPs的丰度高并不能说明该地区的生态风险程度高.此外,各地的RCR值与流域面积呈正相关（R²=0.864,P<0.01）,同时,MPs丰度与GDP （R²=0.679,P<0.05）、流域常住人口（R²=0.922,P<0.05）呈显著相关性.这项研究为评估MPs的生态风险提供了基线数据,是陆域水体系统表层水MPs生态风险评价的重要方式.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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