玉门油田污染荒漠土壤石油降解菌多样性

为探索石油污染荒漠土壤石油降解微生物多样性、筛选高效石油降解菌,采用涂布平板法从石油污染荒漠土壤分离具有石油降解能力细菌,采用细菌形态观察和16S rRNA基因序列分析其多样性,并设计特异性引物,对分离细菌降解相关基因进行检测.结果表明,分离的37株细菌分别属于放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)、γ变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、β变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)、芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)和α变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria),分别占35.14%、32.43%、13.51%、13.51%、5.41%,归属于21个属的34个种类.优势菌属为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)、无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)和葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus),占总数的51.35%,其中有36株细菌能以石油为唯一碳源稳定生长,对原油有明显的降解能力.在石油质量浓度为1 500 mg/L的基础培养基中,菌株YM43在培养7 d后对石油的降解率达55.47%,另有8株细菌的降解率不低于30.55%,11株细菌的降解率介于10.05%~28.37%,18株细菌的降解率不高于8.05%. PCR检测表明,有25株细菌含有烷烃单加氧酶基因,6株含芳烃双加氧酶基因,6株含联苯双加氧酶基因,4株含萘双加氧酶基因,3株含甲苯双加氧酶基因,2株含邻苯二酚双加氧酶基因.研究显示,石油污染荒漠土壤中可培养细菌具有高度多样性,分离的菌株有较强的石油降解能力,其降解功能与所存在的降解基因有关.      

采油废水处理系统活性污泥中可培养菌群多样性研究

采用6种不同培养基从采油废水处理系统活污泥中分离纯化得到200株菌,经16S rRNA基因序列系统发育分析表明,所分离菌株分属于5个大的系统发育类群的23个属的39个种。其中,α-变形菌纲占2.5%,β-变形菌纲占2.5%,γ-变形菌纲占49.5%,厚壁门占27.5%,放线菌门占18%。其中不动杆菌属是系统中可培养的最优势菌属。经物种多样性分析表明,所分离菌群Shannon多样性指数为3.13,均匀度指数为0.85。结果显示本系统具有较丰富的系统发育、遗传和物种多样性。代表菌株石油降解效果分析表明,不动杆菌属、红球菌属、芽孢杆菌属、肠杆菌属、草分支杆菌属、克雷伯菌属、假单胞菌属、产气单胞菌和硝酸盐还原菌属均对采油废水中石油类污染物具有不同程度的降解作用,其石油降解率均在30%以上,最高可达84.8%。     

南海高效石油降解菌的筛选及降解特性研究

以南海10个采样点采集到的样品为研究材料,以石油降解率为筛选依据,初筛获得52株石油降解菌,从中进一步筛选出6株对石油烃有降解能力的细菌,通过16S rRNA序列分析对筛选得到的6株菌进行初步鉴定,并使用GC-MS内标法测定降解产物,对降解菌的降解特性进行进一步研究.结果表明,采用重量法筛选出来的6株细菌对石油的降解率为20%～55%.与Genbank中的16S rRNA基因序列BLAST对比结果显示,所筛选出的6株菌株中,3株菌株属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus),2株菌株属于假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas),1株属于交替单胞菌属(Alteromonas).降解特性分析表明,所筛选6株菌的烷烃降解率均在40%以上,多环芳烃降解率均在70%以上,其中,菌株B08500m-3对石油中总烷烃和总芳香烃的降解效果较好,降解率分别为75%和87%.     

高效石油降解菌的筛选及石油污染土壤生物修复特性的研究

从陕北石油污染土壤中富集分离、优选出7株菌株,并进一步研究了7株菌的生理生化特性.菌株鉴定结果表明,SY21为不动细菌属,SY22为奈瑟氏球菌属,SY23为邻单胞菌属、SY24为黄单胞菌属、SY42为动胶菌属、SY43为黄杆菌属、SY44为假单胞菌属.7株菌的降油试验结果表明,降解8d后,加菌试样的石油烃降解率均达到80%左右,7株菌的石油烃降解速率高于目前已有的报道.接种量越大,石油菌数量越多,石油烃降解率随接种量的增加而提高.采用SY43和SY23菌株对土壤进行生物修复,试验结果表明,投加高效菌株SY43和SY23均可在较短的时间内将土壤中的石油污染物去除,去除率可达88.4%和73.4%,其中菌株SY43的修复效果优于SY23.     

高效石油降解菌的筛选及其生长特性研究

从上海、大连和天津的附近海域海水中分离出的15种石油降解菌中筛选出6种柴油降解率在75%以上的高效石油降解菌D3、T4、R4、T1、D4和R3。经16S rDNA测序鉴定,D4和T4属假单胞菌属,D3和R4属短波单胞菌属;R3属迪茨菌属,T1属盐单胞菌属。分析6种菌株在3种培养基中的生长特性发现,在LB培养基中,D4的适应期较长,需要25 h,而稳定期较短;在葡萄糖培养基中,R4在3 d后进入稳定期,适应期较长,其他5种菌株在2 d后就进入稳定期;在柴油海盐培养基中6种菌株在3 d后生物量出现明显增长,其中R3、R4和D3的生物量高于T1、D4和T4的生物量。对比6种高效石油降解菌株在3种培养基中的生长状况得出其生长的难易顺序是柴油海盐培养基>葡萄糖培养基>LB培养基。     

2株降解菲的植物内生细菌筛选及其降解特性

为了获得具有菲降解特性的植物内生细菌,通过选择性富集培养,本研究从多环芳烃污染区植物体内分离得到2株能够降解液体培养基中高浓度菲(200 mg·L-1)的植物内生细菌(菌株P1和P3).经形态观察、生理生化特征鉴定和16S rDNA序列同源性分析,分别将菌株P1和P3鉴定为寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas sp.)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)的细菌.菌株P1和P3均为好氧生长,28℃、150 r·min-1摇床培养7 d,2株菌对无机盐培养基中菲(100 mg·L-1)的降解率均高于90%.条件实验表明,温度20～30℃,pH 6.0～8.0,盐含量0%～4%,装液量10～30 mL(100 mL三角瓶)2菌株生长良好且对菲降解率高于70%.其最适生长和降解温度为30℃,pH为7.0,盐含量≤4%,装液量≤30 mL.综合比较2株菌对菲的降解特性,P1菌株高温耐受性稍强,而P3菌株对环境pH改变和缺氧的耐受性稍强.     

北极耐冷石油降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其碳源利用广谱性

从北极不同海底沉积物样品中富集、分离得到50株能以石油作为唯一碳源和能源的北极耐冷石油降解菌株,命名为BJ1、BJ2…BJ50,用红外分光光度法测定培养基中剩余油含量,选出降解率较高的菌株BJ1、BJ9和BJ19;通过形态学观察、生理生化试验和16S rDNA序列分析,将BJ1、BJ9和BJ19鉴定为假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas,P.);以常见石油产品和石油中典型直链烷烃和芳香烃为唯一碳源培养的结果表明,该三株菌能在低温下利用多种碳源。研究结果表明,BJ1、BJ9和BJ19均为海洋耐冷石油降解菌,且对碳源的利用具有广谱性。     

酚降解菌株的分离、鉴定和在含酚废水生物处理中的应用

从石油化工厂的活性污泥和废水混合物中分离到10个降解酚的细菌菌株,经16S rRNA基因序列分析,5个菌株(PD1、PD2、PD6、PD7和PD39)被鉴定为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.),4个菌株(PD4、PD5、PD8和PD9)为不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.),1个菌株(PD3)为丛毛单胞菌(Comamonas sp.).对假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)PD39菌株的酚降解特性、最适生长条件、降解底物的范围、儿茶酚1,2-双加氧酶(C12O)和儿茶酚2,3-双加氧酶(C23O)活性、含酚废水的生物处理等,进行了详细研究.结果表明,PD39菌株的最适生长和降解条件是,培养基的起始pH为7.0,培养温度为30℃,酚浓度为800 mg/L,对酚的最大降解浓度为1 200 mg/L.酚浓度为637 mg/L的工业废水经72 h处理酚的去除率达到99.96%.PD39菌株有很好的应用潜力来作含酚废水活性污泥处理系统的强化菌株.     

地下水石油污染高效生物降解研究

考察了高效复合微生物对地下水石油污染物降解效果,并建立了地下水污染质生物降解迁移数学模型.从石油污染的土壤中分离筛选到能够高效降解石油的菌株,经鉴定为假单胞菌属、黄杆菌属和微球菌属,这3种菌属24h对石油降解率分别为62%,56%和52%,且3种菌属组成的复合菌较单一菌属对石油降解率都要高,达85%.高效复合菌与石油配水一起进入模拟地下含水介质的反应器,在反应器前部均能形成一个稳定的生物带.石油配水流经该生物带,石油降解率可达60%以上,反应器出水石油降解率平均可达90%以上.建立的地下水污染质生物降解迁移数学模型对地下水有机污染质生物降解有较好的预测效果,计算值与实测值呈良好的相关性.     

产生物表面活性剂石油降解菌株筛选及降解特性

首先从曹妃甸港石油污染区采样,筛选到两株降解率较高的产生物表面活性剂石油降解菌株,铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Pa1)和假单胞菌(Pseudomonassp,Ps1),经过10 d的降解实验,Pa1的降解率达到了63.28%,Ps1的降解率达到了65.86%。然后对此菌株进行紫外诱变,其降解率都有显著的提高,Pa1的降解率为71.28%,Ps1的降解率为74.24%。最后进行菌株的组合,两株的混合菌株降解率为76.05%,表明混合菌株的降解率比单个的菌株高;同本室筛选的石油降解菌S1的组合,其降解率提高到81.45%。本实验为产生物表面活性剂菌株与石油降解菌的混合菌群组合降解提供了依据。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.