温度对干化污泥水蒸气气化产气特性的影响

采用固定床气化装置,在水蒸气流量为0.32 kg/h条件下进行了污泥水蒸气气化实验。研究了温度对污泥气化气体产率、氢气产率、气体成分与低位热值、气体能源转化率的影响。结果表明:随着反应温度从700℃上升到1 000℃;气体产率从0.39 m3/kg升至0.61 m3/kg;氢气产率从0.18 m3/kg升至0.34 m3/kg;气体能源转化率从54%升至88%;产气的低位热值从10 688.1 kJ/m3提高至11 168.9 kJ/m3。同时产气中H2和CO含量随着温度的升高而增加,CH4、CO2和CnHm含量随温度的升高而减少。因此,为了获得更多的可燃气体,建议在污泥水蒸气气化工艺中,气化温度必须大于800℃。     

镍基催化剂的制备及其对垃圾气化产氢的催化活性

以陶粒为载体,采用常温浸渍法制备了负载型镍基催化剂,并利用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、X射线荧光分析(XRF)、BET、环境扫描电镜-能谱仪分析(ESEM-EDX)和元素分析等对其进行了表征,该催化剂BET表面积为101.3m2/g.活性组分NiO颗粒平均粒径约为2μm,均匀分散在载体表面.并在下吸式固定床气化炉中,进行水蒸气催化气化城市生活垃圾有机组分的实验来评价镍基催化剂的催化活性.结果表明,在镍基催化剂的作用下,H2和CO含量明显增加,H2含量最高达43.22%,CO2、CH4、C2H4和C2H6.平均含量降至1%以下.催化气化过程的产氢率远远高于气化过程,最高达19.9mol H2/kg,低温段催化气化的潜在产氢率高于气化过程,但高温段低于气化过程;高温有利于气化产气中H2和CO的生成,还可以促进CH4、C2H4和C2H6的分解.催化气化过程的焦油产率、灰渣产率明显低于气化过程,特别是焦油产率降至2%以下,而产气率则高于气化过程.     

环境与清洁生产(无污染技术)

X382.1 200402031 生物质催化气化制取富氢燃气的研究/吕鹏梅…(中科院广州能源研究所)∥环境污染治理技术与设备/中科院生态环境研究中心.-2003,4(11). -31-34 环图X-4 以流化床为反应器,探讨了一些主要参数如: 反应器温度、水蒸气、当量比ER以及催化剂对气体成分、氢产率和潜在氢产率的影响。实验所用催化剂为白云石和镍基催化剂。在实验条件范围     

CaO对城市生活垃圾原位水蒸气气化制备富氢燃气的影响

为高效资源化利用城市生活垃圾,提出了一种城市生活垃圾原位水蒸气气化制备富氢燃气方法. 在城市生活垃圾原位水蒸气气化过程中添加CaO,对CO₂进行高温吸收,促进H₂产生. 考察了n(Ca)/n(C)(CaO与垃圾原料中碳元素的摩尔比)、反应温度及垃圾含水率等因素对H₂产率以及气化特性的影响. 结果表明:随着n(Ca)/n(C)由0增至1.5,φ(H₂)和H₂产率(以w计)分别由25.89%、10.86g/kg增至45.90%、31.56g/kg;水蒸气的引入提高了CaO的碳酸化反应活性,促进了H₂的产生,但当含水率高于39.45%时,则会降低产气品质;反应温度高于750℃时,虽能强化城市生活垃圾、焦油的热分解等反应产生更多的H₂,但不利于CaO的碳酸化反应,最佳的操作温度为700～750℃;对固体残留物进行XRD和SEM分析可知,反应温度高于750℃会降低CaO的活性,不利于CaO对CO₂的吸收. 以CaO为添加剂的城市生活垃圾原位水蒸气气化制备富氢燃气是一种有效的城市生活垃圾资源化利用方式.      

城市生活垃圾水蒸气催化热解的实验研究

采用自行设计的外热式催化热解实验装置,以城市生活垃圾为原料,对温度(600℃～900℃)、物料的组分、加热方式、水蒸气以及白云石催化剂等影响垃圾热解的因素进行了分析。结果表明,气化温度、水蒸气、催化剂对垃圾热解性能影相显著。随热解温度的升高,产气量不断上升,H2和CO的含量增加,当温度为900℃时,产气量达到0.96m3/kg,H2和CO含量分别达35.1%和31.8%;催化剂使用、水蒸汽通入显著改善产品气质量,特别是H2含量,可达45%左右;挥发分含量较高的物料热解性相对较好;快加热方式有利于提高产品气质量。     

不同温度下污泥水蒸气气化合成气的生成特性

采用小型管式气化炉开展不同温度下污泥水蒸气气化实验,分析温度对污泥气化冷煤气效率η_l、污泥碳转化效率η_c、有机相转化效率η_v、以及气化合成气生成特性的影响规律。结果表明:气化温度对η_l、η_c、η_v均具有显著影响,提高温度有利于污泥蕴藏的化学能更多地转化为富氢合成气的化学能,促进污泥碳和有机组分气化反应发生,从而提高污泥能源转化率;气化温度从650℃提高至1 050℃,气相产物产率从38.5 g/100 g DSS(干污泥)增至57.9 g/100 g DSS,其中H_2和CO生成总量最高;另外,延长污泥高温气化停留时间,能够显著增加合成气中H_2生成量。     

基于CWPO法处理垃圾渗滤液的CuO/TiO_2催化剂的制备及其性能研究

采用过量浸渍的方法制备CuO/TiO_2催化剂,以垃圾转运站的渗滤液为对象评价催化剂的活性及稳定性。采用XRD、SEM、BET对催化剂进行了表征,并利用催化湿式氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液。考察了制备过程中煅烧温度、煅烧时间、负载比以及浸渍液浓度对垃圾渗滤液处理效果的影响。结果表明:煅烧温度为300℃,煅烧时间为2 h,负载比为16.5%,浸渍液浓度为0.8 mol/L条件下,渗滤液COD去除率达到78.6%,脱色率达到88.2%。     

不同湿热预处理条件对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢的影响

采用湿热水解技术处理餐厨垃圾,研究不同湿热预处理温度与时间下餐厨垃圾w(VS)(VS为挥发性固体)、ρ(CODs_Cr)(CODs为溶解性化学需氧量)、ρ(TOC)、ρ(TN)等指标的变化,以评价湿热预处理对餐厨垃圾厌氧产氢效能的影响. 在此基础上,结合厌氧产氢动力学分析,确定厌氧发酵产氢的最佳湿热预处理条件. 结果表明:湿热预处理温度、时间对餐厨垃圾可浮油脱出量、w(VS)具有显著影响. 餐厨垃圾湿热预处理后ρ(CODs_Cr)、ρ(TOC)、ρ(TN)变化情况与w(VS)呈负相关. 餐厨垃圾经90℃湿热预处理30min后,可浮油脱出量为37.5mL/kg,w(VS)/w(TS)为95.12%,最大比产氢量达242.1mL/g,最大产氢速率为12.46mL/h,累积产氢率达0.88mol/mol,厌氧产氢启动时间为12.85h. 说明对餐厨垃圾进行适度的湿热预处理可有效提高有机物溶解性与生物可利用效率,进而提高厌氧发酵累积产氢量与产氢速率. 综合能耗、产出等因素,湿热预处理温度90℃,处理时长30min,为餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢的最佳湿热预处理条件.      

酸性冲击对微生物电解产氢阳极菌群影响及功能基因变化解析

微生物电解产氢工艺是借助能够直接与电极传递电子的功能菌在阳极降解有机质并将产生的电子在阴极与质子结合回收氢气能源的新技术.采用市政废水在固定外加电压相同条件下直接启动15个反应器,以葡萄糖为碳源驯化获得电极功能菌群,稳定运行1个月获得反应器稳定产氢和伴随产甲烷效能.初始稳定时采用pH为7的磷酸盐缓冲液可以获得稳定的产气量,平行反应器表现出不同的氢气和甲烷产量.最高产氢反应器的氢气转化率为32.2%,氢气产率为(3.9±0.6)mol·mol-1(以每mol葡萄糖产生的H2量(mol)计,下同);相同条件下最低产氢效率反应器的甲烷转化率则可达到48.4%.通过48 h阳极生物膜的酸性冲击试验对阳极菌群功能恢复效果进行分析,发现消除冲击10~15 d反应器的电子传递效率得到恢复,但功能菌群多样性增加,氢气与甲烷比例发生变化.最高产氢反应器氢气产率降低1.8 mol·mol-1,而甲烷增量为0.4 mol·mol-1(以每mol葡萄糖产生的CH4量(mol)计,下同).通过关键功能基因分析发现,初始产氢效能高的反应器功能菌群中电子传递功能菌优势较大;阳极功能菌群受到短暂酸性冲击后,基于细胞色素C基因的相关菌群能够较快恢复,其电子传递能力恢复更快;与碳源降解和产甲烷相关基因群落受酸性冲击后变化较为显著,甲烷增量与氢气减少量基本符合反应计量关系.     

水蒸气作为催化剂处理H_2S气体的试验研究

目前国内外对较高浓度的H2S的治理主要是使用克劳斯法,但该方法虽几经改进,反应也要在200~400℃的条件下才能进行,治理费用较高。本研究采用水蒸气作催化剂,改变了SO2+2H2S=3S+2H2O的反应历程,使该反应在常温下就有显著的反应速度,在反应温度为50~60℃时,硫的转化率可达到90%左右,使H2S的污染治理技术取得了历史性突破。     

A steam dried municipal solid waste gasification and melting process

Considering high-moisture municipal solid waste (MSW) of China, a steam dried MSW gasification and melting process was proposed, the feasibility was tested, and the mass and energy balance was analyzed. Preliminary experiments were conducted using a fixed-bed drying apparatus, a 200 kg per day fluidized-bed gasifier, and a swirl melting furnace. Moisture percentage was reduced from 50% to 20% roughly when MSW was dried by slightly superheated steam of 150°C–350°C within 40 min. When the temperature was less than 250°C, no incondensable gas was produced during the drying process. The gasifier ran at 550°C–700°Cwith an air equivalence ratio (ER) of 0.2–0.4. The temperature of the swirl melting furnace reached about 1240°C when the gasification ER was 0.3 and the total ER was 1.1. At these conditions, the fly ash concentration in the flue gas was 1.7 g·(Nm³)⁻¹, which meant over 95% fly ash was trapped in the furnace and discharged as slag. 85% of Ni and Cr were bound in the slag, as well as 60% of Cu. The mass and energy balance analysis indicates that the boiler heat efficiency of an industrial MSW incineration plant reaches 86.97% when MSW is dried by steam of 200°C. The boiler heat efficiency is sensitive to three important parameters, including the temperature of preheated MSW, the moisture percentage of dried MS Wand the fly ash percentage in the total ash.     

Process conditions of preparing methanol from cornstalk gas

The low-heat-value cornstalk gas produced in the down-flow fixed bed gasifier was tentatively used for methanol synthesis. The cornstalk gas was purified and the technical procedures such as deoxygenation, desulfurization, catalytic cracking of tar, purification and hydrogenation were studied. The catalytic experiments of methanol synthesis with cornstalk syngas were carried out in a tubular-flow integral and isothermal reactor. The effect of reaction temperature, pressure, catalysttypes, catalyst particle size, syngas flow at entering end and composition of syngas was investigated. The optimum process conditions and yield of methanol from cornstalk syngas were obtained. The experimental results indicated that the proper catalyst of the synthetic reaction was C301 and the optimum catalyst size (φ) was 0.833 mm×0.351 mm. The optimum operating temperature and pressure were found to be 235℃ and 5 Mpa, respectively. The suitable syngas flow 0.9-1.10 mol/h at entering end was selected and the best composition of syngas were CO 10.49%, CO2 8.8%, N2 37.32%, CnHm 0.95% and H2 40.49%. The best methanol yield is 0.418 g/g cornstalk. The study provided the technical support for the industrial test of methanol production from biomass (cornstalk)gas.     

液相催化氧化法净化H2S实验研究

采用液相催化氧化法净化H2 S尾气。研究了铁离子浓度、氧含量和表面活性剂等因素在H2 S的净化中对吸收液净化效率和硫容量的影响。实验结果表明 ,用铁离子作催化剂 ,添加表面活性剂后 ,对低氧含量的尾气 ,吸收液具有较高的净化效率和较大的硫容量 ;当吸收液的硫容量达到饱和时 ,可通入空气进行再生循环使用。这一方法对H2 S尾气的污染治理及硫的回收利用具有重要的现实意义。     

Process conditions for preparing methanol from cornstalk gas

The low-heat-value cornstalk gas produced in the down-flow fixed bed gasifier was tentatively used for methanol synthesis. The cornstalk gas was purified and the technical procedures such as deoxygenation, desulfurization, catalytic cracking of tar, purification and hydrogenation were studied. The catalytic experiments of methanol synthesis with cornstalk syngas were carried out in a tubular-flow integral and isothermal reactor. The effect of reaction temperature, pressure, catalyst types, catalyst particle size, syngas flow at entering end and composition of syngas was investigated. The optimum process conditions and yield of methanol from cornstalk syngas were obtained. The experimental results indicated that the proper catalyst for the synthetic reaction was C301 and the optimum catalyst size was 0.833 mm x 0.351 mm. The optimum operating temperature and pressure were found to be 235癈 and 5 MPa, respectively. The suitable syngas flow 0.9-1.10 mol/h at entering end was selected and the best composition of syngas were CO 10.49%, CO2 8.8%, N2 37.32%, CnHm 0.95% and H2 40.49%. The best methanol yield was 0.418 g/g cornstalk. This study provided the technical support for the industrial test of methanol production from biomass (cornstalk) gas.     

脱水污泥/松木锯末水蒸气共气化研究

以城市污水处理厂机械脱水后的污泥(含水率约为80％)和松木锯末的混合物为原料,进行了共气化制取富氢燃气的研究.同时,采用热重分析(TGA)研究了混合样品的热失重特性,并在固定床反应器上考察了不同掺混比对燃气成分、燃气产量和碳转化率的影响.TGA结果表明,随着锯末掺混比的增加,样品的失重量、最大失重率及挥发分析出特性指数增大.在固定床反应器中,脱水污泥中的水分在高温条件下形成蒸气气氛,与产生的半焦发生了蒸气气化反应.实验结果表明,最佳掺混比为40％ ～ 60％,此时氢气含量、燃气产量、碳转化率分别为40％、0.70 m3· kg-1、64.1％.此外,借助BET和SEM对残余半焦的比表面积及表面形貌特征进行了分析.     

污水处理厂消化沼气脱硫(H_2S)实验

污泥消化池每天产生大量的沼气,主要成分为甲烷。消化沼气是一种热值很高的可燃性气体,可用于驱动发电机发电。沼气中的H2S对设备的腐蚀性严重影响了有效的能源利用。除去沼气中含有的H2S可使发电机免遭腐蚀,还可以控制SO2的排放。本论文通过对PDS法应用于某污水处理厂消化沼气脱硫的研究与试验,证明了该方法的有效性及可行性。脱硫效率高达90%以上,平均脱硫效率为95%。脱硫后消化沼气中H2S的浓度均远远低于发动机对燃气中要求的H2S的浓度不得高于1150mgm3的标准,对下一步的工程设计及工艺改进具有指导性的意义。     

低温等离子体-臭氧催化氧化降解硫化氢气体的耦合效果与调控方法研究

利用低温等离子体在降解污染过程中产生的副产物臭氧,开展了低温等离子体-臭氧催化氧化耦合工艺同时去除硫化氢和臭氧研究,考察了催化剂粒径、空床停留时间、催化反应温度、等离子体输入功率等工艺参数对硫化氢降解和副产物臭氧浓度的影响。研究发现:臭氧需求因子(Df)与催化床层出口的硫化氢与臭氧浓度之间有一定的对应关系,ln(Df)介于3~4时,尾气中硫化氢和臭氧的浓度可分别维持在5.0×10-6,3×10-6m3/m3以下;等离子体能量密度SIE/Cin与ln(Df)值成明显的正相关:ln(Df)=30.924SIE/Cin-3.5622。对于进气浓度(Cin)和气体流速(Q)皆已知的硫化氢废气,通过调控输入功率(P)来调控SIE使ln(Df)值在3~4,可使耦合工艺具有最佳的去除效果,实现硫化氢和臭氧最佳去除。     

Environmental monitoring and fuzzy synthetic evaluation of municipal solid waste transfer stations in Beijing in 2001 - 2006

Transfer station(TS)is an integral part of present-day municipal solid waste(MSW)management systems.To provide information for the incorporation of waste facilities within the current integrated waste management system,the authors measured the existing environmental quality at five MSW TSs.Discharged wastewater,air,and noise were monitored and assayed at the five TSs in Beijing in 2001-2006 during rainy seasons(RSs)and dry seasons(DSs).Except Ammonia(NH_3)and hydrogen sulfide(H_2S),the analytical results...