国家环保总局公布46家未启动脱硫项目火电厂名单 要求加大火电厂脱硫监管力度

国家环保总局日前通报了“两控区”(酸雨控制区和二氧化硫控制区)“十五”计划重点火电厂脱硫项目的进展情况，公布了46家尚未启动脱硫项目的火电厂名单，要求加大对火电厂脱硫的监管力度，最大限度地削减二氧化硫排放量。     

中国酸雨和二氧化硫污染控制区区划及实施政策研究

阐述了中国二氧化硫和酸雨污染现状,分析了划分二氧化硫污染和酸雨控制区的依据和原则,绘出了二氧化硫污染和酸雨控制区的范围,重点分析研究了二氧化硫污染和酸雨控制区内的控制目标以及用燃料生命周期评价方法确定的控制二氧化硫排放政策,并研究了政策实施对煤炭工业、电力工业的影响     

SO2污染控制方面存在的两大问题

国家"十五"计划提出,2005年全国SO2排放量要比2000年实际排放量减少10%,总量控制在1800万吨,其中工业企业SO2排放量要比2000年实际减少20%,总量控制在1450万吨;国家划定的酸雨控制区和SO2污染控制区SO2排放量要比2000年实际减少20%,总量控制在1053万吨以内,酸雨污染有所减轻,80%以上城市的SO2浓度达到国家空气环境质量二级标准;特别要求电力行业以削减SO2排放量为重点.     

怎样防治我国的酸雨

酸雨主要来自大气中的二氧化硫,因此,要防治酸雨的污染,最根本的途径是最大限度地减少人为二氧化硫的排放量.据1981年的统计,我国全年二氧化硫排放量是1400万吨,超过世界陆地平均负荷的一倍,是排放量最多的国家之一.我国是一个以煤炭为主要能源的国家,煤在能源中约占70%.     

湖北省酸雨控制区二氧化硫污染防治规划

在归纳湖北省酸雨控制区二氧化硫污染特征的基础上,对我省酸雨控制区二氧化硫的防治途径进行了分析。提出了全省“十五”期间二氧化硫总量控制规划,并从工业点源治理、城市清洁能源两大方面安排了二氧化硫污染防治的工程措施。“十五”期间全省共安排重点项目45项,计划投资960282万元,项目完成后削减二氧化硫19.19万t/a,实现“十五”规划目标。     

环保信息

“两控区”二氧化硫控制初见成效 国家环境保护总局要求继续加大治理力度.记者日前从国家环境保护总局获悉,自1998年国务院批复酸雨、二氧化硫控制区划分方案以来,我国“两控区”二氧化硫污染控制工作已初见成效.截止1999年年底,“两控区”范围内的175个地、市已经有98个实现了二氧化硫浓度达标,通过采取各种治理措施共削减二氧化硫排放量186(104t.( 宋瑞祥在第31届国际地质大会开幕式上致词说地质科学要为可持续发展提供支持 2000年8月6(17日,来自世界各国的3700多名地质学家,聚集在巴西里约热内卢,参加第31届国际地质大会.巴西副总统安卡…     

关于[两控区]排污收费政策的研究

根据国家在全国■省九市开展的征收二氧化硫排污费试点经验,并结合我省实际,就如何做好酸雨控制区的二氧化硫排污费征收工作,提出几点意见。     

二氧化硫排污费的征收与操作

１９９８年国家环保总局等四部门联合下发了环发〔１９９８〕６号文《关于在酸雨控制区和二氧化硫污染控制区开展征收二氧化硫排污费扩大试点的通知》，对于大多数地区来说，二氧化硫排污收费是一项新的总量收费概念和新的收费项目。目前在企事业单位经济效益都不理想的情...     

基于空间插值方法的中国南方酸雨时空分布格局模拟及分析

酸雨时空动态变化监测一直是环境治理所需的重要信息. 在我国南方酸雨“两控区”(酸雨控制区和二氧化硫污染控制区)1991—2001年酸雨观测站年降水pH数据的基础上,采用反距离加权(IDW)、普通克里格(OK)和基于样条函数的ANUSPLIN等3种方法进行酸雨空间插值模拟,并进行验证. 对比分析了3种方法酸雨插值结果与实测值的统计误差、预测标准误差和相对误差区间分布,以及依据插值结果得出的酸雨分布图层. 结果表明:反距离加权法和普通克里格法仅能反映酸雨水平方向上的分布特点,而ANUSPLIN法由于加入了地形作为协变量因子,可很好地反映酸雨空间分布的地形变异特点,更合理地体现了酸雨时空分布特征. ANUSPLIN法插值结果表明,酸雨严重区主要分布在四川盆地、长江以南广大地区,酸雨强度沿长江向西北及北方地区有不断扩大的趋势.      

工业污染源对大连地区酸雨形成的影响研究

为了研究局地污染源对大连地区酸雨形成的影响,在市区及县级市布设监测点对酸雨进行监测,并获取酸雨点位附近局地污染源的酸性污染物排放量,应用地理信息系统的空间叠加分析功能,分析局地源对大连地区酸雨点位分布和频率变化的影响.结果表明：部分距离大污染源较近的点位受局地源影响较明显,但市区酸雨频率高低与局地源二氧化硫排放量变化趋势并不完全一致,说明大连地区酸雨的形成除了受本地源的影响外,还应存在其它更复杂的影响因素.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.