利蒙(LLMO)浓缩微生物菌在粘胶化纤废水治理中的应用

文中研究了利用投加利蒙菌对江西某化纤厂化纤废水的污水处理厂生化池进行改进,以期提高出水的CODCr与SS去除率,稳定出水水质。实验结果表明,利蒙菌在对粘胶化纤废水生化处理上的改进是可行的,对废水中CODCr,SS的平均去除率可比未投加提高56%,44%,其出水水质良好、稳定,其中ρ(CODCr)<40mg·L-1,ρ(SS)<50mg·L-1。     

絮凝-SBR-Fenton氧化处理酶制剂废水的研究

以某酶制品厂的废水为研究对象,确定了絮凝-SBR-Fenton高级氧化的试验方法.结果表明,在絮凝阶段,当聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量为0.6g/L,搅拌6 min,絮凝70min的条件下,预处理的出水CODCr效果最好,去除率为44.6%;再经过SBR工艺处理,停留时间为14 h时,CODCr去除率达到了89.2%;之后再进行Fenton高级氧化,氧化的最佳条件是:ρ(FeSO4·7H2O)为3 g/L,ρ(H2O2)为0.8g/L,反应时间2 h.最终出水达到了GB 8978-1996<污水综合排放标准>中二级排放标准.     

混凝沉淀法预处理乐果生产废水的正交试验研究

采用石灰乳—碱式氯化铝 ( PAC)—聚丙烯酰胺 ( PAM)混凝沉淀工艺 ,对CODCr、总磷、无机磷含量均较高的乐果生产废水进行预处理 ,并通过正交试验确定了 p H、 Ca( OH) 2 和聚铝投加量与 CODCr、总磷、无机磷去除率之间的关系     

水解酸化-接触氧化在处理石油化工废水中的应用

采用水解酸化+接触氧化工艺处理镇江新区某石油化工厂废水。设计总处理水量120m3/d,其中原浓废水20m3/d,出水回流100m3/d;设计进水水质:高浓度有机废水CODCr9000mg/L以上,pH5～9,混合后废水CODCr约1500mg/L,pH6～8;设计出水水质:CODCr≤130mg/L,pH6～9。实际出水CODCr为123.29mg/L;CODCr平均去除率为92.04%,处理后出水可达标排放。     

新型复合混凝脱色剂处理印染废水试验研究

针对某印染厂生产废水,以COD和色度为指标,用混凝试验方法研究了新型复合混凝脱色剂SE对印染废水的处理效果,并探讨了SE投加量及pH值、沉淀时间、搅拌强度对其混凝效果的影响,利用SE与 PAC 和PFS进行了对比试验.结果表明,SE可有效地去除印染废水中的COD和色度,当pH为8～10、沉淀时间为30 min、搅拌强度为75 r/min、投药量为155 mg/L时,去除效果最佳,COD和色度的去除率最高可达83%、94%;相对于PAC 和PFS,SE产生的絮体大而密实,沉降速度快,产生污泥量少,药剂用量少,最佳出水水质为：COD为139 mg/L,色度为37.证明SE是印染废水处理高效实用的复合型混凝剂.     

Fenton/SBR组合工艺处理博落回提取废水研究

在常温(25℃)条件下,对Fenton与序批式活性污泥法(SBR)组合工艺处理博落回提取废水的特性进行了研究.结果表明,当进水CODCr为7300mg·L-1时,通过多个单因素试验确定的最佳Fenton反应条件为:初始pH=3.0,n(H2O2)∶n(Fe2+)=15,H2O2投加量为7300mg·L-1.在此条件下反应120min后,CODCr去除率为65.3%,BOD5/CODCr由原水的0.14上升到出水的0.22,可生化性得到提高.同时,研究证明,出水pH不影响CODCr去除率,但污泥体积指数(SVI)值随着出水pH的增大而减小.Fenton氧化出水经SBR工艺处理后,CODCr可控制在500mg·L-1以内,达到国家三级排放标准.     

混凝法预处理高浓度有机制药废水

本文通过以加药制度、加药量、搅拌时间、搅拌速度等不同条件下所获得絮体的分形维数、相应的CODcr去除率、上清夜浊度作为评价指标,确定最佳制药废水的混凝方案。研究结果表明:制药厂车间原水以PAM作为絮凝剂,添加氯化钙可获较高CODcr去除效率及较大的絮体分形维数值。压滤气浮后出水以PAM作为絮凝剂,添加石灰乳浊液加PAC可获得较好的CODcr去除效率及较大絮体分形维数值。     

生物接触氧化法处理水产品加工废水的设计及运行

采用生物接触氧化工艺处理水产品加工废水,设计能力400m3/d,废水进水水质CODCr为728~1176mg/L,运行稳定后,出水水质CODCr为92~140mg/L,CODCr去除率为85.2%~93.3%,出水水质稳定,达到(GB8978-1996)中的二级排放标准。运行1a来,剩余污泥产生量少,仅排除剩余污泥1次;废水处理成本为0.92元/m3。     

染料废水脱色处理的研究

以物化处理工艺中的混凝法来处理印染废水,即用高效脱色剂与聚合氯化铝(PAC)和助凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)混凝来处理,从而考察了PAC的用量、废水的酸碱度和脱色剂的加入量对废水脱色效果的影响,从而得出最佳实验条件。结果表明:在500mL废水中,当废水酸碱度在7.5～8.5之间,PAC的用量在1.0～1.75mL之间,高效脱色剂的用量在1.0～1.5mL之间时,废水脱色效果最好。     

高浓度服装水洗废水的混凝处理研究

采用化学混凝法,以PAC为混凝剂,PAM为助凝剂,对高浓度服装水洗废水进行处理研究。考察了溶液的pH值、PAC的投加量、PAM的用量等因素对脱色率及COD去除率的影响,得到最佳工艺条件为:pH为8.0左右,PAC投加量为25mL/L(废水),PAM的投加量为1.0mL/L(废水)。在此条件下,服装水洗废水的脱色率为73.1%,COD的去除率为72.1%。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.