会仙岩溶湿地丰平枯时期地下水金属元素污染与健康风险

以我国面积最大的亚热带低海拔岩溶湿地为研究区,对该区不同时期（丰水期、平水期和枯水期）地下水27组样品中10种金属元素（Cd、Cr、As、Al、Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Hg和Fe）进行测试和分析,分别运用综合污染评价法、多元统计分析及健康风险评价模型揭示了丰平枯时期地下水中10种金属元素的污染特征、分布状况和健康风险.结果表明,研究区地下水中金属元素的平均浓度大小为：Mn > Fe > Zn > Al > Hg > Cr > Cu > Cd > As > Pb,丰水期Mn（1022.00 μg·L^-1）和平水期Hg（42.40 μg·L^-1）最大浓度超过我国相关水质标准限值.据污染评价结果,丰水期地下水中仅Mn污染等级出现Ⅵ,Cd、Al、Zn、Fe污染等级均为Ⅲ,平水期仅Hg污染等级为Ⅵ,仅Al污染等级为Ⅲ.从金属元素超标组分、浓度和污染特征看,枯水期水质优于丰水期和平水期.地下水中Zn、Cd、Mn和Al浓度受人类活动影响,时间尺度特征不明显,As、Fe、Cu和Cr浓度即受人类活动影响,又具有一定时间尺度特征,Hg和Pb浓度主要表现为时间尺度特征.据健康风险评价结果,地下水中10种金属元素通过饮用水和皮肤入渗2种途径暴露的人群总健康风险大小为：平水期 > 丰水期 > 枯水期,Cr通过饮用水途径在丰水期（8.03×10^-5 a^-1和8.76×10^-5 a^-1）、平水期（1.15×10^-4 a^-1和1.26×10^-4 a^-1）和枯水期（8.72×10^-5 a^-1和9.51×10^-5 a^-1）引起的成人和儿童致癌风险均高于5.0×10^-5 a^-1,Cr是引起致癌健康风险的主要金属元素.从饮用水安全角度,饮用前应对会仙岩溶湿地部分地下水中Mn、Hg和Cr进行一定控制.     

漓江流域水体中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为了解漓江流域水体中重金属污染水平,在2019年5月对漓江干流采集62个表层水样,对水样中As、Cd、Cr、Mn、Cu、Zn、Hg、Co和Sb这9种重金属的浓度进行了分析检测,运用美国环境保护署（US EPA）推荐的健康风险评价模型对其引起的健康风险进行了初步评价.结果表明,水样中重金属平均浓度顺序为：Mn > Zn > As > Cr > Cu > Sb > Co > Cd > Hg,其均值都未超过《生活饮用水卫生标准（GB 5749-2006）》规定的标准限值,且符合《地表水环境质量标准（GB 3838-2002）》Ⅰ类水质标准.从空间分布来看,As、Cr、Zn和Sb的高浓度区主要分布在漓江下游,而Cd、Cu、Hg、Co和Mn高浓度区主要分布在漓江上游.多元统计分析结果显示,Cd、Mn、Cu和Co主要来源于农业生产;Cr、Zn和Sb主要来源于旅游交通运输;As主要来源于岩石风化和土壤侵蚀;Hg主要来源于生活垃圾处置不当和大气沉降.健康风险评价结果表明,儿童比成人更易于受到重金属污染的威胁,化学致癌物重金属通过饮水途径对人体健康危害的平均个人年健康风险远远超过非致癌物的平均个人年健康风险,Cr的平均个人年健康风险最大值大于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的最大可接受风险水平（5.0×10^-5 a^-1）;非致癌物重金属平均个人年健康风险（10^-14~10^-9 a^-1）呈现出Co > Cu > Hg > Zn > Sb > Mn,均远低于ICRP推荐的最大可接受水平.     

典型药物在医院废水和城市污水处理厂中的污染特征及去除情况

本研究采用固相萃取结合高效液相色谱-串联三重四级杆质谱仪监测了17种苯二氮类药物、14种酸性药物和5种中性药物在广东省广州市的4座医院污水处理系统（H1~H4）和3座城市污水处理厂（W1~W3）中的污染特征.结果表明,在医院污水处理系统中检测到10种苯二氮类药物、8种酸性药物和3种中性药物,进出水中的浓度范围分别为0.41~23376 ng·L^-1和0.11~22888 ng·L^-1;在城市污水处理厂中检测到8种苯二氮类药物、8种酸性药物和4种中性药物,进出水中的浓度范围分别为0.4~1695 ng·L^-1和0.1~1526 ng·L^-1.其中,检测到浓度较高的苯二氮类药物分别为劳拉西泮［（53.1±2.7）ng·L^-1,H1］、奥沙西泮［（39.5±4.1）ng·L^-1,W2］和氯氮平［（30.6±4.0）ng·L^-1,W1］,布洛芬［（19014±5430）ng·L^-1,H1］和扑热息痛［（2600±570）ng·L^-1,H2］分别是酸性和中性药物中检测浓度最高的药物.大部分苯二氮类药物在医院污水处理系统和污水处理厂中的去除率均低于30%.酸性和中性药物的去除率远高于苯二氮类药物,且在污水处理厂中的去除率大部分在60%~99%之间,高于医院污水处理系统（10%~60%）.最后,根据人均污染负荷推算了典型药物在广东省和广州市的使用量以及广州市的年排放量,20种药物在广东省和广州市的总使用量分别为30371 kg·a^-1和3942 kg·a^-1,其中扑热息痛和布洛芬的使用量最高,苯二氮类药物中奥沙西泮和劳拉西泮也有较高的使用量.20种药物在广州市的排放量达到了1456 g·a^-1,各类药物的排放量范围为3.07（甲芬那酸）~378 g·a^-1（奥沙西泮）.     

青岛大气降水中金属浓度、溶解度及其来源解析

利用2020年6月至2021年6月期间在青岛地区采集到的42场降水共计54个样品,分析了雨水中Al、Fe、Zn、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cd和V等8种金属元素的浓度、溶解度、来源和影响因素.除Al、Fe和V主要来自自然源外,其余金属元素受自然源和人为源的综合影响,浓度变化较大.其中,常量元素浓度ρ（Al）和ρ（Fe）的平均值为（710.9±969.4）μg·L^-1和（409.1±503）μg·L^-1;微量元素浓度ρ（Zn）、ρ（Ni）、ρ（Cu）、ρ（Pb）、ρ（V）和ρ（Cd）的平均值分别为（71.7±37.9）、（8.9±14.4）、（7.5±8.5）、（1.8±2.3）、（1.6±1.6）和（0.1±0.1）μg·L^-1.金属元素的溶解度特征与浓度不同,微量元素的溶解度普遍高于常量元素,Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb的溶解度较高,分别为（44.8±28.2）%、（36.2±28.3）%、（34±28.6）%和（14.1±11.8）%;Al和Fe的溶解度较低,分别为（6.5±11.8）%和（6.1±15.8）%.在连续降水过程中,金属元素的浓度和溶解度变化较复杂.由于Al和Fe在大气气溶胶中本底值较高,从降水初期到降水中期,Al和Fe的浓度平均值没有明显变化,在这8种元素浓度总和中占比增加1%~3%,而微量元素浓度明显下降,Cu和Cd浓度下降约80%.当降雨量>20 mm时,Al和Fe的浓度迅速降低,相较于初期下降约1/3,而此时Zn、Cu和Pb等元素的去除率基本饱和,金属元素总去除率为20%~60%.除Al外,其余元素的溶解度均随降雨量增大而呈现先升后降的趋势,与降水频次、降雨量和金属来源等因素有关.青岛地区降水中的金属元素的来源从高到低依次为二次气溶胶和生物质燃烧（37.28%）、海盐气溶胶（29.21%）、扬尘（17.91%）、船舶及石油工业（8.36%）和汽车尾气排放及其它活动（7.24%）.     

华北平原典型城市(石家庄)地下水重金属污染源解析与健康风险评价

地下水重金属污染已引起全球的广泛关注,重金属来源解析及其健康风险评估将为地下水中重金属污染的精准防控提供数据和方法支撑.因此,选取华北平原典型城市——石家庄作为研究区,筛选20个样点,利用APCS-MLR模型和健康风险模型解析评估了石家庄市地下水中10种重金属的污染源及其健康风险.结果表明：①石家庄市地下水中典型重金属的浓度均值排序为：Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>Al>Pb>Cr>As>Cd>Hg,其中ρ（Fe）和ρ（Pb）的均值分别为260.3 μg ·L^-1和10.01 μg ·L^-1;根据单因子和内梅罗指数,Pb、Fe和Cd是石家庄市地下水主要的污染重金属;②重金属浓度范围为47.30~2560 μg ·L^-1;就空间分布而言,重金属浓度在S3处最高（2560 μg ·L^-1）,而在S9处最低（47.30 μg ·L^-1）;③污染源解析结果表明：工农业活动、交通排放和地质背景是石家庄市地下水中重金属的3个主要来源,其中工农业活动对重金属的累积贡献率最大（47.83%）;④除工农业活动来源的重金属对成人造成潜在威胁（HI>1）外,其余来源的重金属对成人和儿童造成的非致癌风险均处于可接受水平（HI<1）,而致癌风险对成人和儿童均存在潜在威胁;工农业活动是非致癌风险（成人：52.46%,儿童：52.45%）和致癌风险（成人：65.22%,儿童：65.69%）的主要贡献者,其中Cd和As的致癌风险较高.因此,为了保障石家庄地下水环境安全,需严格控制污染来源,进一步加强地下水中重金属污染的风险管控.     

北京市饮用水源水重金属污染物健康风险的初步评价

对北京市城区8个区和郊区10个区、县120个样点的饮用水中Cu, Hg, Cd和As的浓度进行了调查研究,并应用目前美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对北京市各区县饮用水中重金属所引起的健康风险作了初步评价.结果表明,城区8个区和郊区10个区、县重金属的平均浓度范围分别为Cu:0.81～6.96 μg·L^-1,Cd: 0.34～0.82 μg·L^-1,Hg: 0.10～0.74 μg·L^-1,As: 0.19～3.02 μg·L^-1.通过饮水途径所致健康风险中,As在通州区所引起的致癌风险最大(2.0×10^-5·a^-1),Cd在昌平区的致癌风险最大(2.3×10^-6·a^-1), 但均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平(5×10^-5·a^-1);在北京市通过饮水途径引起的非致癌健康风险中,Hg的风险最大,Cu次之,但是两者风险水平均在10-8～10^-9·a^-1,远低于ICRP推荐的最大可接受风险水平.     

MoS2强化Fe2+活化单过硫酸盐去除磺胺甲恶唑和还原六价铬的研究

采用二硫化钼（MoS₂）作为助催化剂加入到亚铁离子（Fe²⁺）/单过硫酸盐（PMS）体系,去除溶液中的磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）和还原六价铬（Cr（Ⅵ））,分别对SMX及SMX与Cr（Ⅵ）共存情况下的去除效果进行研究,并考察了MoS₂、Fe²⁺、PMS、SMX投加量对SMX和Cr（Ⅵ）去除效果的影响.结果表明,在[MoS₂]₀=0.9 g·L^-1,[Fe²⁺]₀ =0.3 mmol·L^-1,[PMS]₀=1 mmol·L^-1,[Cr（Ⅵ）]₀=100 μmol·L^-1,[SMX]₀=25 μmol·L^-1,初始pH为3.0的条件下反应30 min时,SMX的去除率和Cr（Ⅵ）的还原率分别达到98.8%和99.2%;实验中MoS₂和Fe²⁺浓度与Cr（Ⅵ）还原率呈正相关,而PMS浓度过高则会抑制Cr（Ⅵ）的还原;MoS₂/Fe²⁺/PMS体系下Cr（Ⅵ）的还原机理不仅与MoS₂还原生成的亚铁离子有关,Cr（Ⅵ）也能够被MoS₂或PMS直接还原.EPR实验表明,MoS₂/Fe²⁺/PMS体系中主要的自由基是SO₄^·-和HO^·.     

外源磷对镉胁迫下水稻生长及镉累积转运的影响

本研究通过水稻（黄华占）水培试验,在不同镉（Cd）浓度胁迫条件下,施加10.0~45.0 mg ·L^-1外源磷（NaH₂PO₄）,研究磷（P）对水稻植株Cd累积与转运的影响.结果表明：①随外源P浓度增加,水稻各部位生物量及光合色素（叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素）浓度均逐渐升高;②施加外源P使水稻的茎、叶、谷壳和糙米中Cd含量逐渐增加,水培溶液中Cd浓度为0.1 mg ·L^-1和0.2 mg ·L^-1胁迫下,糙米Cd含量分别增加了2.8%~22.8%和40.9%~61.8%;③施加外源P使水稻植株Cd累积量增加,水培溶液中Cd浓度为0.1 mg ·L^-1和0.2 mg ·L^-1胁迫下,Cd累积量范围分别从395.1 μg ·株^-1和639.6 μg ·株^-1增加到542.6 μg ·株^-1和1082.0 μg ·株^-1;④水稻根系P/Cd质量比随外源P施加量增加而增大,茎、叶、谷壳和糙米P/Cd质量比则呈下降趋势;增加外源P浓度使水稻根到茎（TF_根-茎）和茎到叶（TF_茎-叶）的Cd转运系数增加.水稻各部位中P和Cd表现出一定的协同作用,外源P促进了根系中Cd向地上部位转运,增加了糙米Cd含量.     

纳米氧化铜对镉胁迫下小油菜生理生化和重金属累积的影响

为探究纳米氧化铜（CuO NPs）在镉（Cd）胁迫下对作物生长、生理特性和重金属吸收的影响,采用水培实验,以夏绿2号小油菜为供试植物,研究了CuO NPs （0、10、20和50 mg ·L^-1）和Cd （0、1和5 μmol ·L^-1）单一和复配处理下小油菜鲜重、光合色素、丙二醛含量（MDA）、抗氧化酶活性［过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）］以及Cu和Cd含量.结果表明,在单一CuO NPs处理下,小油菜鲜重以及CAT、POD、GR酶活性总体上受到抑制,叶绿素含量和SOD活性随浓度增加呈现出先增加后降低趋势,而小油菜叶部、根部MDA含量以及亚细胞中Cu含量随投加量增加而增加.1 μmol ·L^-1Cd处理下,添加CuO NPs促进了小油菜生长,鲜重较对照增加了8.70%~44.87%,当Cd浓度达到5 μmol ·L^-1时,低浓度CuO NPs （10 mg ·L^-1）处理表现为促进植物生长,高浓度（50 mg ·L^-1）处理则呈抑制效应.不同Cd处理下添加CuO NPs均提高了小油菜的光合色素和MDA含量,其中小油菜叶部MDA含量较对照增加了4.34%~36.27%,根部MDA含量增加了13.43%~131.04%.Cd浓度为1 μmol ·L^-1处理下施加CuO NPs后,小油菜叶部CAT和GR活性均下降,POD活性上升;当Cd浓度达到5 μmol ·L^-1时,CuO NPs提高了小油菜叶部POD活性,抑制了SOD和GR活性,CAT活性随浓度升高呈现先上升后下降的趋势.CuO NPs与Cd表现出拮抗作用,添加CuO NPs后,1 μmol ·L^-1 Cd处理下小油菜叶部和根部Cd含量最大降幅分别为45.64%和33.39%,5 μmol ·L^-1 Cd处理下叶部和根部Cd含量最大降幅分别为18.25%和25.35%,小油菜亚细胞器中Cu和Cd质量分数下降,可溶性组分质量分数上升.综上所述,低浓度下CuO NPs可以促进Cd胁迫下植物生长,抑制植物对Cd吸收,但会增加植物氧化损伤.     

柳江流域饮用水源地重金属污染与健康风险评价

为说明柳江流域饮用水源地的重金属元素含量特征及饮用水水质对人体健康的潜在危害,于2016年1~12月对柳江干流及主要支流的水体进行常规水质指标和Cd、As、Cr、Hg、Zn、Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn等金属元素进行分析检测,并采用美国EPA推荐使用的健康风险评价模型对饮用水源地的健康风险进行评价.结果表明,Cd、As、Cr、Zn、Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn含量未超过我国地表水环境质量标准（GB 3838-2002）的限值,Hg含量存在超标.对重金属含量进行Pearson相关性分析,其中Cd、Pb、As与Fe可能具有相似的来源,Cu、Cr、Hg、Zn之间污染具有多源性,9种重金属含量与pH值间均不存在显著相关性.柳江流域饮用水源地致癌重金属元素健康风险成人和儿童分别为4.52E-04 a^-1和5.91E-04 a^-1,非致癌健康风险成人和儿童分别为8.96E-09 a^-1和1.14E-08 a^-1.致癌重金属Cr、As、Cd通过饮水途径所造成的人均年健康风险分别表现为Cr > As > Cd,风险值范围为3.58E-06~1.21E-04 a^-1,Cr和As的风险值大于ICRP所推荐的风险水平5.0×10^-5 a^-1.该研究区内重金属元素非致癌健康风险值范围为3.53E-12~2.87E-09 a^-1,均在EPA推荐的可接受水平内,初步认为不会对人体健康产生明显危害.流域主要健康风险来源于致癌物.Cr和As是柳江流域水环境产生健康风险的主要污染物,应当优先列为柳江流域水环境风险管理的主要对象.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.