雷州半岛地下水化学特征及控制因素分析

雷州半岛地下水资源为雷州半岛经济社会发展提供有力的资源支撑,厘清该区地下水化学特征及形成机制对水资源的合理开采及可持续利用具有重要意义.本研究采集43组雷州半岛地下水样品,运用描述性统计分析、Piper三线图、ArcGIS空间插值、Gibbs图以及离子比值等方法分析地下水水化学特征及其控制因素.结果表明：①研究区地下水阴阳离子以HCO₃^-、Ca²⁺和Na⁺为主,水化学类型以HCO₃-Cl-Na-Ca、HCO₃-Cl-Na-Ca-Mg、HCO₃-Cl-Na-Mg和HCO₃-Na型为主.研究区地下水中的Cl^-、SO₄^2-和Na⁺在雷州市西部含量较高,在其他区域均较低,HCO₃^-、NO₃^-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和K⁺这5种离子含量较高的区域主要集中在西南和东部沿海.②地下水化学演化过程主要受水岩作用、阳离子交替吸附和人类活动的影响.Na⁺和K⁺来源主要是蒸发盐岩和硅酸盐岩,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺主要来源于碳酸盐岩溶解,NO₃^-主要来源于人类活动.     

滨州市浅层地下水化学时空变化及成因分析

随着海平面升高和全球气候变化,沿海城市地下水化学的长期演变规律研究变得尤为重要。通过采集2010～2020年滨州市浅层地下水样(250个),运用数理统计、ArcGIS空间插值、相关性分析、Piper三线图、Gibbs图及离子比等方法系统地分析了近10年来地下水化学时空演变规律及成因,结果表明:(1)研究区水体整体呈弱碱性,以微咸水为主,地下水阳离子以Na⁺为主,阴离子以Cl^-为主;由陆向海,水化学类型由Ca-SO₄·HCO₃型过渡到Na·Mg-HCO₃·SO₄、Na·Mg-Cl·HCO₃型,近海迅速转化为Na·Mg-Cl及Na-Cl型;(2)水化学组分年际变化表现为:TDS、Na⁺、Cl^-、SO₄^2-和NO₃^-在2012～2013年显著升高,2013～2020年波动降低,2013年区域TDS突增主要受海水入侵影响;水化学组分空间分布为:TDS、Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-浓度空间变异不大,由陆向海浓度增高,并在博兴县北部沿黄河区域出现极大值,主要受河道补给状况影响;NO₃^-浓度空间变异较大,10年间在小清河流域浓度显著增高,增幅为15.81mg/(L·a);(3)由陆向海,水化学控制因素由岩石风化控制型过渡至蒸发浓缩控制型;(4)Ⅰ区Na⁺、Cl^-主要来源于岩盐及钠长石,Ⅱ区Na⁺来源受到上游生活污水影响,Ⅲ、Ⅳ区部分水体受海水影响较重,Na⁺、Cl^-可能来源于海水,SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺则主要来源于石膏。     

会仙岩溶湿地地下水主要离子特征及成因分析

以我国最大的低海拔岩溶湿地会仙岩溶湿地为研究区,对该区丰水期、平水期和枯水期共采集的27组地下水样品中常规离子进行检测和分析,在分析会仙岩溶湿地地下水主要离子化学特征和不同时期变化基础上,运用单指标污染标准指数法对不同时期地下水进行污染评价,利用多元统计、Gibbs模型和离子比例关系识别地下水主要离子成因.结果表明,研究区内岩溶地下水主要为弱碱性淡水,Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-为优势离子.不同时期地下水主要离子总浓度顺序为：平水期 > 丰水期 > 枯水期,枯水期水质优于丰水期和平水期.地下水中K⁺和NO₃^-主要受含水层空间分布差异影响,Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₂^-、NH₄⁺和TDS受时空尺度综合作用,Na⁺、Ca²⁺、HCO₃^-和Cl^-为水体中较稳定离子.受碳酸盐岩控制,丰水期、平水期和枯水期地下水化学类型具有高度一致性,HCO₃-Ca水占比分别为77.78%、77.78%和88.89%.地下水主要受SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NO₂^-污染,NO₃^-出现极严重程度污染样点,SO₄^2-在丰水期和平水期出现较重污染样点.地下水化学组分主要受水岩作用控制,Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-主要来源于方解石风化溶解,少量水点受白云岩、白云质灰岩及硫铁矿控制导致Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-浓度偏高,K⁺、Na⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Cl^-部分来源于大气降水,Na⁺和Cl^-部分来源于当地居民生活,K⁺与种植施用的钾肥相关,NO₃^-主要来源是化学肥料.     

店埠河流域地表水-地下水水化学特征及其成因分析

巢湖是我国水污染防治的重点水体,但近年来一直处于较高的富营养化水平.以巢湖二级支流店埠河流域内的地表水和地下水为研究对象,测试不同水体水化学组成和氢氧同位素值,综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图和离子比值等方法,分析其季节性和空间变化特征,探讨地表水和地下水的水化学特征和形成机制.结果表明,①大气降水是店埠河流域地表水和地下水的主要补给来源,地表水的蒸发分馏效应比地下水更显著.不同时期,地表水比地下水更富集氢氧稳定同位素.地表水和地下水中氢氧稳定同位素均呈季节性变化特征,丰水期相对富集,枯水期相对贫化.②店埠河流域地表水和地下水均为弱碱性水,地表水中各离子浓度明显小于地下水,地表水中阳离子以Ca²⁺和Na⁺为主,地下水中阳离子以Ca²⁺为主,水体中的优势阴离子均为HCO₃^-.地表水的水化学类型以HCO₃·Cl-Na·Ca型水为主,地下水以HCO₃-Na·Ca型水为主.③地表水和地下水主要水化学指标浓度具有一定的时空差异性.从丰水期到枯水期,地表水中TDS、K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-浓度整体呈现上升趋势.地下水中Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度整体变化不大,略有增加趋势,Cl^-、SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度整体呈上升趋势.从上游到下游,地表水中主要水化学指标浓度呈现先减小后增大的趋势,NO₃^-浓度增幅最大.地下水在径流方向上主要水化学指标浓度整体变化不大,但呈现出排泄区大于补给区的规律.④水体水化学特征的形成主要受水-岩作用控制,同时还受到人为因素影响.水-岩作用主要为硅酸盐岩、盐岩和碳酸盐岩等矿物的风化溶解.污水处理厂污水、生活污水和粪肥等污染物已明显改变了局部水体的水化学特征.⑤与2016年相比,地表水中的NO₃^-浓度已有不同程度地减少,当地政府进行的氮污染控制工作已取得一定成效,但仍需在店埠河下游、部分支流（定光河和马桥河）和部分居民点加强对污水及粪肥的污染防控.     

城市化进程中长江经济带长江干流水化学演变特征及影响因素

快速的城市化过程对城市周边水体水化学组成特征产生了诸多影响.为揭示长江经济带城市群发展对长江水化学特征的影响,于2020年10—11月沿长江干流,采集了四川宜宾至上海145个河流水样,并对比了历史水化学数据.同时,运用数理统计、离子比值法等方法探究了长江经济带平水期水化学特征.结果表明：长江河水的主要水化学类型为HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型,主要受流域内分布的碳酸盐岩等岩石风化作用控制;河水中阳离子以Ca²⁺为主,阴离子以HCO₃^-为主,Cl^-浓度沿径流方向升高,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度沿径流方向先升高后降低,SO₄^2-浓度沿径流方向逐渐上升,HCO₃^-浓度沿径流方向降低;城市化进程中,由于人类活动和工业活动加剧,除HCO₃^-外,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、SO₄^2-和Cl^-浓度均升高;沿线工业活动、矿产开发、农业生产活动和生活污水排放可能是SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Cl^-的主要来源.     

贵州威宁草海流域地下水水化学特征及无机碳通量估算

贵州威宁县草海是我国最大的岩溶湿地,岩溶地下水是其重要的补给水源和物质来源.本研究在丰水期、枯水期和平水期对草海流域内12处地下水进行了采集并测定,揭示了该流域地下水水化学特征和主要离子来源,并基于水化学径流模数法初步估算了草海流域岩溶碳汇通量.结果表明,草海流域地下水水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca型为主,东南部个别泉点在平水期为SO₄-Ca型.地下水中优势离子均以Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-为主,季节上SO₄^2-和Mg²⁺平均质量浓度呈现出平水期 > 枯水期 > 丰水期,NO₃^-平均质量浓度则表现为丰水期 > 枯水期 > 平水期,其他离子季节变化特征不明显.空间上草海北部地下水中Ca²⁺和HCO₃^-质量浓度相对较高,K⁺、Na⁺和Cl^-在西南部地下水中质量浓度较高,东南部地下水中Mg²⁺、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-质量浓度较高.地下水中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-主要受到碳酸盐岩溶蚀的控制,碳酸、硫酸和硝酸均参与了流域内碳酸盐岩的风化,三期大部分地下水中NO₃^-主要受土壤氮和生活污水的影响,东南部地下水NO₃^-则主要受农业活动影响,K⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-的来源则无明显时空差异,前3种离子主要受人类活动影响,而SO₄^2-则主要来源于地层中含硫化合物的溶解.研究区外源酸参与流域碳酸盐岩风化具有较高比例,季节上表现为平水期外源酸参与流域碳酸盐岩比例最高,丰水期最低的特征,在扣除外源酸参与流域碳酸盐岩风化的比例后,初步估算草海流域无机碳通量平均约为181.5 t·a^-1,岩溶地下水向草海输送HCO₃^-量平均约为1144.1 t·a^-1.     

不同植被类型及土壤对径流水化学特征的影响

在不同植被类型覆盖条件下,对降雨形成地表径流和地下径流的化学成分变化及其与土壤剖面性质的关系进行分析,结果表明:地表径流和地下径流的化学特征与雨水基本相同,阳离子主要以Ca²⁺为主,离子排序为Ca²⁺>K⁺>Na⁺>Mg²⁺>NH₄⁺,阴离子以SO₄^2-为主,SO₄^2->NO₃^->Cl^-.降雨形成地表径流和地下径流后,各成分浓度发生了明显的变化,水体中主要的阴阳离子如Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺、SO₄^2-、Cl^-等浓度增加,与雨水相比为内贮型化学成分,地下径流中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-和Cl^-增加的幅度显著高于地表径流.相关分析结果显示,地下径流pH受到土壤pH的强烈影响,受土壤胶体吸附的影响,水体中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺等阳离子与土壤交换性阳离子之间一般呈负相关的关系,由于阴离子容易随水流失,水体中SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Cl^-与土壤相关离子之间普遍呈正相关关系.     

长江流域安庆段浅层地下水水化学特征及控制因素

浅层地下水为安庆市居民生活用水和工农业生产用水的主要水源,是维持社会经济可持续发展和区域生态环境的重要基础保障.为深入研究安庆市浅层地下水的水化学特征及控制因素,采集了196组浅层地下水水样,综合运用Piper三线图、Gibbs图、离子比值和数理统计方法对安庆市地下水的水化学特征及控制因素进行研究,定量评估不同来源对地下水水化学组分的贡献.结果表明,安庆市浅层地下水呈弱碱性,pH值在5.84～8.38,均值为7.21; ρ（TDS）介于47～1 620 mg·L^-1,均值为324.21 mg·L^-1,阴阳离子主要以HCO₃^-和Ca²⁺为主,水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca型.地下水水化学组分受岩石风化溶滤作用、阳离子交替吸附作用、矿物溶解和沉淀以及人类活动综合影响.Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和HCO₃^-主要来源于碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩的风化溶解作用,Na⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-受工业活动和生活污水的排放、K⁺和NO₃^-受农业活动的影响.APCS-MLR受体模型分析进一步揭示地下水水化学组分主要有地质因子、工业因子、农业因子和未知源这4种来源,其贡献率分别为45.35%、14.19%、25.38%和15.08%.地质因子是浅层地下水水化学组分的重要来源,人类活动则加剧了地下水水化学的演变.     

北京大气气溶胶中水溶性离子的粒径分布和垂直分布

2004-09在北京325 m气象塔的8、80、240 m 3个不同高度,利用Andersen分级采样器同步进行了大气气溶胶采样.样品用离子色谱（IC）进行了分析.结果表明,SO₄^2-, NH⁺₄、NO^-₃、K⁺的浓度在0.43～1.1 μm出现峰值;Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的浓度在4.7～5.8 μm出现峰值;Na⁺,Cl^-的浓度在0.65～1.1 μm和4.7～5.8 μm出现峰值.观测期间,二次离子（SO₄^2-, NH⁺₄、NO^-₃）的峰值从“凝结模态"向“液滴模态"移动,高湿度可能是形成液滴模态的重要原因.二次离子（SO₄^2-,NH⁺₄、NO^-₃）随着高度升高,浓度有增加的趋势;Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺在80 m出现高值;K⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-的垂直分布比较均匀.     

四川安宁河流域水化学特征及物源探讨

安宁河河谷地区是四川省第二大粮仓,区内人口较多、矿业发达。查明流域水化学特征及物质来源,对于探讨地质背景与人为活动对河流水化学特征的影响具有重要意义。研究显示,安宁河河水整体偏弱碱性,pH均值为8.18,TDS值高于世界河流平均值。河水中阳离子浓度平均值顺序为Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺,阴离子浓度平均值顺序为HCO₃^- > Cl^- > SO₄^2- > NO₃^-。空间上,自上游至下游,安宁河河水的TDS值和阴阳离子含量呈整体上升的趋势,SO₄^2-、NO₃^-浓度波动较大。控制流域水化学特征的主要因素是硅酸盐岩的风化,其次是碳酸盐岩的风化。流域内的NO₃^-主要来源于农业活动和土壤有机氮,矿业活动对安宁河河水中SO₄^2-浓度的影响较大,人为活动对安宁河流域水化学的影响不可忽视。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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