MBR膜污染形成机理及控制

膜污染问题是影响膜生物反应器(MBR)技术推广使用的一大障碍.本文通过对MBR膜污染的形成机理及主要影响因素的分析研究,认为造成膜通透性能降低及工艺运行成本增加的主要污染因素是膜孔的堵塞和凝胶层的形成,在膜过滤过程中,采用优化选择膜组件及运行操作条件、改善污泥混合液的生化特性、确定临界污泥浓度、膜清洗等方法可减少膜孔的堵塞,抑制凝胶层的形成,有效的控制膜污染.     

在线超声对膜生物反应器膜污染的控制

构建在线超声-膜生物反应器(US-MBR),利用间歇超声辐照控制膜污染.结合跨膜压差的上升和污染膜表面微观形态的变化,在不同超声间隔时间条件下对 US-MBR 中膜污染过程进行了分析.结果表明,超声时间 2min 和膜通量 12.0L/(h⋅m2)时,在超声间隔时间分别为8,12,16h 的条件下,US-MBR 的运行周期比未施加超声的普通膜生物反应器(Control-MBR)分别延长17,13,5d 左右,在线超声有效抑制了由上清液有机物导致的凝胶层污染.膜表面污染层阻力分布显示,超声可降低凝胶层阻力.场发射扫描电镜-能谱分析仪分析表明,超声通过减少有机物附着而延长膜运行时间.2 套反应器出水水质基本没有差别,超声未造成出水水质的恶化.     

中空纤维超滤膜处理聚合物驱采油污水中膜污染特性分析

聚合物驱采油污水中大量聚合物的存在影响了污水的性质,它对超滤膜的污染机理与一般采油污水不同。研究了超滤过滤模拟含聚合物污水过程中,聚合物浓度对膜通量的影响,通过对过滤实际原水污染膜纤维进行化学清洗以及污染膜表面和断面扫描电镜分析,优选化学清洗方案。在此基础上,采用优选的化学清洗方案对工程应用中的膜组件进行清洗。结果表明:随着聚合物浓度升高,膜通量衰减逐渐加剧;NaOH和十二烷基苯磺酸钠组合对聚合物污染清洗效果最佳,可恢复初始通量的75%;分析清洗后膜表面的扫描电镜图表明,原水中物质会在膜面累积形成稳定凝胶层并对膜造成不可逆污染。     

两级序批式反应器运行模式下平板膜污染机理研究

从膜污染物分析、微生物代谢产物EPS、SMP对膜污染的影响等方面,对两级序批式反应器运行模式下的平板膜污染机理进行了试验研究.结果表明,膜表面及膜孔内部存在以球菌、杆菌为主的生物污染,膜表面的无机污染物主要是Fe、Na、Zr、Rb、Ca等化合物在浓差极化的作用下超过其溶解度极限后结晶形成的盐垢,膜表面的有机污染物主要是蛋白质,是形成膜表面凝胶层的主要原因,而蛋白质在膜面为伴随有电子转移的化学吸附,从而引起膜通量严重下降.     

HRT对一体式PTFE膜生物反应器运行效果的影响

针对垃圾渗滤液高COD、高NH4-N,低生化性的特点,开发UASB/缺氧/好氧-膜生物反应器组合处理工艺.在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下,考察了系统对污染物去除效果及其膜污染特性.结果表明,在不同的HRT条件下,UASB/缺氧/好氧-膜生物反应器组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液出水水质良好且稳定.出水COD除率随HRT的升高先增加后降低,且HRT为12.8h时达到最大值94.96%;系统对NH4-N的平均去除率随HRT的延长而升高; 膜污染实验结果显示: 较低的HRT条件下意味着膜通量较高,会加剧膜污染进程.通过实验得出结论当HRT=15h时,对膜污染的控制最为有利.对膜进行清洗,并进行扫描电镜分析.分析结果显示凝胶层的形成是膜透水性下降的主要原因.     

淹没式膜生物反应器中膜污染机理的研究

为减小微生物絮体对膜的污染,设计了一种具有沉降室的膜生物反应器,膜A与膜B分别淹没在上清液和污泥混合液中以相同的抽吸方式运行,与预期结果相反,膜A比膜B的污染速度还快．为探讨膜污染机理,考察了污泥混合液中不同组分对膜污染的影响,利用扫描电镜和原子力显微镜分析了膜面污染层的特征．结果发现,在污泥混合液与上清液中膜面污染层在微观结构上存在显差异,其方差平均粗糙度Rms分别为132．3nm和75．2nm．经膜污染机理分析认为：微生物絮体和大分子有机物会在膜面形成污染层,该污染层作为“二次膜”影响膜过滤性能．上清液中细小的微生物絮体和大分子有机物形成的污染层相对致密,会加剧膜污染．     

不同污泥龄下MBR内SMP对膜污染的影响

采用3套膜生物反应器(MBR)研究不同污泥龄下溶解性微生物产物(SMP)对膜污染的影响。结果表明,随着污泥龄的延长,上清液中SMP的质量浓度逐渐降低,SMP中多糖和蛋白质含量与总SMP的变化趋势相同,也逐渐降低。高分子组分及疏水性有机组分占总SMP比例逐渐升高。而膜污染层中SMP的变化与上清液中SMP存在差异性。通过对上清液及膜污染层中SMP与膜污染速率进行相关性分析,结果表明上清液中SMP含量及性质与膜污染速率相关性不显著,而膜污染层中SMP质量浓度、多糖、高分子组分以及疏水性酸性组分对膜污染有显著影响。     

温度对分置式厌氧膜生物反应器处理效果及膜污染的影响

研究了温度对分置式厌氧膜生物反应器(An MBR)废水处理系统处理效果及膜污染的影响。结果表明:与35℃相比,25℃时污泥混合液和滤饼层的EPS都有所积累,且污泥颗粒较小,滤饼层污泥不易被水力冲刷剪切力剥离,膜污染速率较快,不利于对膜污染的控制;滤饼层EPS成分分析表明,蛋白质类是造成膜污染的主要物质,高激发波长类色氨酸是影响膜污染速率的重要因素;在HRT为32 h,温度为35℃时系统COD去除率较高,膜污染速率较低,膜运行周期较长,是较合适的运行温度。     

膜生物反应器中膜污染机理和控制研究新进展

膜生物反应器(MBR)相比于传统活性污泥法具有出水水质好、设备占地面积小、剩余污泥产率低和便于自动控制等诸多优点,在污水处理和回用方面极具发展前景。然而膜污染是制约MBR广泛应用的最大障碍。文章着眼于总结MBR中膜污染机理和控制的研究新进展。介绍了MBR中膜污染的分类、污染机理和膜污染影响因素的研究概况,在此基础上,综述了MBR膜污染控制方法方面的进展,并对MBR中的膜污染机理和控制的研究发展方向做了展望。     

IMBR中膜污染类型随温度变化规律初探

为研究一体式膜生物反应器(IMBR)中膜污染类型随温度的变化规律,探讨温度对膜污染类型的影响机制,首先对两种膜污染类型的基本数学模型做进一步推导,得出两种膜污染类型的判别模型;在此基础上结合动态实验结果考察了10~35℃范围内6个温度条件下的膜污染状况,得出10℃、15℃条件下以滤饼层污染为主,20℃、25℃条件下同时存在着相当程度的膜孔堵塞污染与滤饼层污染,30℃、35℃条件下的污染类型接近于膜孔堵塞污染,即随着温度的升高膜污染类型由滤饼层污染逐渐向膜孔堵塞污染过渡.     

The role of extracellular organic matter on the cyanobacteria ultrafiltration process

The membrane fouling caused by extracellular organic matter (EOM) and algal cells and organic matter removal of two typical cyanobacteria (M. aeruginosa and Pseudoanabaena sp.) during ultrafiltration (UF) process were studied in this work. The results showed that EOM had a broad molecular weight (Mw) distribution and the irreversible membrane fouling was basically caused by EOM. Moreover, humic acid and microbial metabolites were major components of EOM of two typical cyanobacteria. Since EOM could fill the voids of cake layers formed by the algal cells, EOM and algal cells played synergistic roles in membrane fouling. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that the CH₂ and CH₃ chemical bonds may play an important role in membrane fouling caused by EOM. Interestingly, the cake layer formed by the algal cells could trap the organic matter produced by algae and alleviate some irreversible membrane fouling. The results also showed that although the cake layer formed by the algal cells cause severe permeate flux decline, it could play a double interception role with UF membrane and increase organic matter removal efficiency. Therefore, when using UF to treat algae-laden water, the balance of membrane fouling and organic matter removal should be considered to meet the needs of practical applications.     

旋转接头在MBR反应器改良中的应用研究

随着MBR反应器在国内污水处理行业中的不断应用,其重要性进一步得到了业界的认可。但是,如何消减运行过程中的膜污染问题,成为制约MBR推广和应用的重要因素。文章通过实验,将旋转接头应用在MBR反应器的改良中,重点研究通过旋转接头实现膜组件的旋转运行模式对膜污染的抑制效果。     

Insight into the distribution of metallic elements in membrane bioreactor: Influence of operational temperature and role of extracellular polymeric substances

The distribution of metallic elements in a submerged membrane bioreactor(MBR) was revealed at different temperatures using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES), and the role of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) was probed by integrating scanning electron microscopy(SEM) with confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM) over long-term operation. More metallic elements in the influent were captured by suspended sludge and built up in the fouling layer at lower temperature. The concentration of metallic elements in the effluent was 5.60 mg/L at 10°C operational temperature, far lower than that in the influent(51.35 mg/L). The total contents of metallic elements in suspended sludge and the membrane fouling layer increased to 40.20 and 52.19 mg/g at 10°C compared to 35.14 and 32.45 mg/g at 30°C, and were dominated by the organically bound fraction. The EPS contents in suspended sludge and membrane fouling layer sharply increased to 37.88 and 101.51 mg/g at 10°C, compared to 16.87 and 30.03 mg/g at 30°C. The increase in EPS content at lower temperature was responsible for the deposition of more metallic ions. The strong bridging between EPS and metallic elements at lower temperature enhanced the compactness of the fouling layer and further decreased membrane flux. This was helpful for understanding the mechanism of membrane fouling at different operational temperatures and the role of EPS, and also of significance for the design of cleaning strategies for fouled membranes after long-term operation.     

Effect of components in activated sludge liquor on membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor

Introduction The membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have shown many advantages over conventional activated sludge processes, which apply membrane modules instead of the secondary settle tank to make a better separation of the solids and liquid and have been grea…     

Effect of sludge retention time on sludge characteristics and membrane fouling of membrane bioreactor

Three identical membrane bioreactors (MBRs) were operated over 2 years at different sludge retention time (SRT) of 10 d, 40 d and no sludge withdrawal (NS), to elucidate and quantify the effect of SRT on the sludge characteristics and membrane fouling. The hydraulic retention times of these MBRs were controlled at 12 h. With increasing SRT, the sludge concentrations in the MBRs increased, whereas the ratio of volatile suspended solid to the total solid decreased, and the size of sludge granule diminished in the meantime. A higher sludge concentration at long SRT could maintain a better organic removal efficiency, and a longer SRT was propitious to the growth of nitrifiers. The performance of these MBRs for the removal of COD and NH₄⁺-N did not change much with different SRTs. However, the bioactivity decreased as SRT increase. The measurement of specific oxygen uptake rates (SOUR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes testified that SOUR and the proportion of the bacteria-specific probe EUB338 in all DAPI-stainable bacteria decreased with increasing SRT. The concentrations of total organic carbon, protein, polysaccharides and soluble extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in the mixed liquor supernatant also decreased with increasing SRT. The membrane fouling rate was higher at shorter SRT, and the highest fouling rate appeared at a SRT of 10 d. Both the sludge cake layer and gel layer had contribution to the fouling resistance, but the relative contribution of the gel layer decreased as SRT increase.     

混凝对膜污染的防止作用

研究了混凝改善膜通量和防止膜污染的效果 .结果表明 :直接过滤原水的情况下 ,反冲洗后的膜通量恢复仅为初始通量的40% ;而投加了混凝剂 4mg/L和10mg/L(以Al计 )后 ,反冲洗后的通量得到了完全的恢复 .混凝防止膜污染取决于过滤过程在膜表面形成的滤饼层的性能 .在过滤混凝液的情况下 ,混凝能在膜表面形成滤饼层 ,从而有效地防止膜污染 ,而过滤上清液的情况下 ,无法为混凝去除的中性亲水性的有机物沉积在膜表面 ,造成膜污染 .     

Effects of protein properties on ultrafiltration membrane fouling performance in water treatment

Protein-like substances always induce severe ultrafiltration (UF) membrane fouling. To systematically understand the effect of proteins, regenerated cellulose UF membrane (commonly used for protein separation) performance was investigated in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) under various water conditions. Results showed that although trypsin enhanced the membrane flux via proteolysis, catalysis took a long time. Membrane fouling was alleviated at high solution pH and low water temperature owing to the strong electrostatic repulsion force among BSA molecules. Both Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ could increase membrane flux. However, Ca²⁺ played a bridging role between adjacent BSA molecules, whereas membrane fouling was alleviated via a hydration repulsion force with Na⁺. The order of influence on membrane fouling was as follows: Ca²⁺ concentration > Na⁺ concentration > pH > temperature > trypsin concentration. Furthermore, a polyvinylidene fluoride UF membrane experiment showed that Ca²⁺ could reduce the fouling induced by BSA. Thus, the differences in UF membrane performance will have application potential for alleviating UF membrane fouling induced by proteins during water treatment.     

Fatty acid fouling of forward osmosis membrane: Effects of pH, calcium, membrane orientation, initial permeate flux and foulant composition

Octanoic acid (OA) was selected to represent fatty acids in effluent organic matter (EOM). The effects of feed solution (FS) properties, membrane orientation and initial permeate flux on OA fouling in forward osmosis (FO) were investigated. The undissociated OA formed a cake layer quickly and caused the water flux to decline significantly in the initial 0.5 hr at unadjusted pH 3.56; while the fully dissociated OA behaved as an anionic surfactant and promoted the water permeation at an elevated pH of 9.00. Moreover, except at the initial stage, the sudden decline of water flux (meaning the occurrence of severe membrane fouling) occurred in two conditions: 1. 0.5 mmol/L Ca^2 +, active layer facing draw solution (AL-DS) and 1.5 mol/L NaCl (DS); 2. No Ca^2 +, active layer-facing FS (AL-FS) and 4 mol/L NaCl (DS). This demonstrated that cake layer compaction or pore blocking occurred only when enough foulants were absorbed into the membrane surface, and the water permeation was high enough to compact the deposit inside the porous substrate. Furthermore, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was selected as a co-foulant. The water flux of both co-foulants was between the fluxes obtained separately for the two foulants at pH 3.56, and larger than the two values at pH 9.00. This manifested that, at pH 3.56, BSA alleviated the effect of the cake layer caused by OA, and OA enhanced BSA fouling simultaneously; while at pH 9.00, the mutual effects of OA and BSA eased the membrane fouling.     

Shifts in microbial community structure and diversity in a MBR combined with worm reactors treating synthetic wastewater

The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH₃-N removal, membrane fouling, sludge characteristics and microbial community structure in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) coupled with worm reactors (SSBWR) were evaluated for 210 days. The obtained results were compared to those from a conventional MBR (C-MBR) operated in parallel. The results indicated that the combined MBR (S-MBR) achieved higher COD and NH₃-N removal efficiency, slower increase in membrane fouling, better sludge settleability and higher activities of the related enzymes in the activated sludge. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the microbial community structures in the C-MBR and the S-MBR. The microbial community structure in the S-MBR was more diverse than that in the C-MBR. Additionally, the slow-growing microbes such as Saprospiraceae, Actinomyces, Frankia, Clostridium, Comamonas, Pseudomonas, Dechloromonas and Flavobacterium were enriched in the S-MBR, further accounting for the sludge reduction, membrane fouling alleviation and wastewater treatment.     

Application of a hybrid gravity-driven membrane filtration and dissolved ozone flotation (MDOF) process for wastewater reclamation and membrane fouling mitigation

This study proposed a novel membrane filtration and dissolved ozone flotation integrated(MDOF) process and tested it at pilot scale. Membrane filtration in the MDOF process was operated in gravity-driven mode, and required no backwashing, flushing, or chemical cleaning. Because ozone was added in the MDOF process, ozonation, coagulation, and membrane filtration could occur in a single reactor. Moreover, in situ ozonation occurred in the MDOF process, which differs from the conventional pre-ozonation membrane filtration process. Significant enhancement of turbidity removal was further achieved through the addition of membrane filtration. Membrane fouling was mitigated in the MDOF process compared to the MDAF process. In situ ozonation in the MDOF process decreased the fluorescence intensity and transformed the high MW dissolved organics into small MW compounds. For the fouling layer, the extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) contents and cake layer morphology were analyzed. The results indicated that the contents of EPS decreased. Furthermore, a thinner and more loosely structured cake layer formed in the MDOF process. Because coagulation and ozonation occurred simultaneously in a single reactor, the generation of hydroxyl radicals was enhanced through the catalytic effect of Al-based coagulants on ozone decomposition, which further alleviated membrane fouling in the MDOF process.