贵州红枫湖底泥磷释放的模拟实验研究

在实验室条件下,模拟了温度、溶解氧(Dissolved Oxygen,DO)、pH、扰动、微生物等环境因子对红枫湖底泥磷释放的影响。实验结果表明:(1)底泥磷的释放量随温度的升高而增大,5℃时底泥磷的释放通量为0.59mg·m-2·d-1;25℃和35℃时底泥磷的释放通量分别为1.25和3.68mg·m-2·d-1。(2)厌氧(DO2.0mg/L)条件下,底泥磷释放显著,释放通量在1.15~4.57mg·m-2·d-1之间;好氧(DO6.0mg/L)条件下,底泥磷的释放通量仅为0.82mg·m-2·d-1。(3)底泥磷的释放与上覆水pH值密切相关,且释放量随上覆水pH值的升高而增大,当pH=5.5和pH=7.5时,底泥磷的释放通量分别为1.15和1.25mg·m-2·d-1;当pH=9.5时,底泥磷的释放通量为4.57mg·m-2·d-1。(4)扰动条件下的底泥磷释放通量(2.62mg·m-2·d-1)明显大于静置条件下的底泥磷释放通量(1.25mg·m-2·d-1)。(5)微生物对底泥磷释放有明显影响,灭菌条件下的底泥磷释放量明显大于有微生物条件下的底泥磷释放量。综上所述,高温、厌氧、高pH值、强烈扰动均可促进红枫湖底泥磷的释放,微生物对底泥磷释放有明显抑制作用。基于红枫湖底泥磷释放模拟实验结果,计算了不同环境条件下红枫湖底泥磷的释放通量,在此基础上估算出红枫湖夏季热分层期间(6~9月)底泥磷释放量约为8.58t,占红枫湖水体总磷负荷(约28t)的30.6%,表明红枫湖底泥内源磷释放对水体磷负荷和富营养化有重要贡献,亟待开展底泥内源污染治理。     

重庆渝北双龙湖泥磷释放强度影响因素正交试验研究

双龙湖是浅水型城市湖泊，一度为重富营养化湖泊。综合治理后底泥产生的内源污染可能成为湖泊营养物的主要自荷。研究双龙湖限制性营养元素——磷在底泥的释放规律，对于修复水体、保持水质具有重要意义，为湖泊内源治理、水环境保持提供科学依据。本文试验分析双龙湖不同环境因子（温度、pH值、溶解氧、水动力）对底泥总磷释放的影响；通过底泥正交模拟试验测定分析认为温度、溶解氧、pH值、水动力均是影响双龙湖底泥磷释放的显著因素，显著性排序依次为溶解氧〉温度〉pH值〉水动力。     

大河口水库底泥释磷强度环境影响机理研究

为了解水库上覆水环境对底泥释磷强度的影响,确定底泥释磷强度与环境要素的定量线性关系,阐明不同水环境条件下底泥释磷机理。2014年8月对大河口水库采集底泥样品,进行了4因素(水温、pH、水动力、溶解氧)5水平底泥释磷室内模拟试验。结果表明:(1)温度升高有利于底泥磷的释放,25℃条件下底泥平均释磷强度为30.04 mg/m2,是5℃条件下释磷强度9.01 mg/m~2的3.3倍。(2)强酸碱条件均有利于底泥磷释放,中性条件下底泥释磷强度最小,试验期内强碱条件下(pH=9.5)底泥释磷强度分别是强酸条件(pH=5.5)和中性条件(pH=7.0)释磷强度的1.1倍和1.9倍。(3)增加扰动可加速泥水界面交换,促进底泥磷释放。高强度扰动下底泥最大释磷强度为25.18 mg/m~2,是静置条件下的3.8倍。(4)随溶解氧浓度增大底泥释磷强度呈下降趋势。DO为6.5 mg/L以上时,底泥释磷呈现"负释放"状态。(5)底泥释磷强度与温度、pH、水动力环境因素二次函数曲线拟合最优,与溶解氧三次函数曲线拟合最优。     

双龙湖底泥磷释放强度影响因素试验研究

试验分析双龙湖典型污染层底泥总磷分布，研究不同环境因子（溶解氧、温度、pH、水动力）对底泥磷释放影响，计算出不同环境因子条件下磷释放强度，揭示双龙湖综合整治后主要内源污染——底泥不同环境条件下释磷规律，从而采取适宜措施保持双龙湖水质。     

海河沉积物磷释放模拟实验研究

在实验室条件下,分别对海河沉积物中磷的释放量与沉积物磷形态分布的关系及好氧/厌氧条件,pH,温度,外源磷含量,微生物活动等环境因素对其的影响进行了模拟研究. 结果表明,微生物作用是影响海河沉积物中磷释放量的主要因素;厌氧条件下,磷从沉积物向水体的释放量远高于好氧条件下沉积物磷的释放量;温度升高有利于沉积物中磷的释放;酸性和碱性条件下沉积物磷的释放量略高于中性条件下沉积物磷的释放量;当上覆水磷含量较高时,沉积物中的磷呈“负释放”状态. 研究还显示,沉积物中不同形态的磷含量与沉积物磷释放量有不同程度的相关性,其中可交换态磷（NH4Cl-P）和可还原态磷（BD-P）含量与沉积物磷的释放量高度相关（R^2分别为0.99和0.84）.     

武汉庙湖沉积物中氮释放化学行为的模拟研究

采用实验室模拟释放的方法对沉积物氮释放过程进行研究,运用正交实验设计,探讨了环境条件的变化对庙湖底泥中氮释放行为的影响。此次实验的结果表明:升高温度有利于加速氮释放过程的进行;底泥释氮过程在酸性或碱性条件下受到抑制,中性条件下最有利于释放;底泥总氮释放量随溶解氧增加而减少,从不同形态的氮来看,厌氧条件下氨氮释放量增加,好氧条件下硝酸盐氮释放量增加。运用回归分析,分别推求出在不同温度、pH、溶解氧水平下庙湖底泥平均释氮强度公式,通过释氮模型预测不同环境条件下底泥释氮强度,从而采取适宜措施抑制氮释放,控制内源污染。     

大沽排污河底泥释放总氮的影响

在实验室模拟条件下,考察了上覆水的溶解氧DO、pH值、温度、含盐量及扰动速率等环境因子对大沽排污河底泥释放总氮的影响.结果表明:厌氧条件下底泥释放总氮的强度高于好氧条件和自然条件下的释放强度;上覆水的pH呈中性时底泥释放总氮的强度最大,酸性条件下底泥释放总氮的强度高于碱性条件;升高温度可促进底泥释放总氮;扰动可提高底泥释放总氮的强度,但当扰动速率增加到一定程度时,反而会抑制总氮的释放,因此,至最后实验结束时,扰动速率为60r.min-1的体系中底泥释放总氮的能力最强;当实验达到平衡时,含盐量为0mg.L-1的体系中底泥释放总氮的能力最强.     

海河沉积物中磷释放的模拟研究

在实验室条件下,分别对海河沉积物中磷的释放量与沉积物磷形态分布的关系及好氧/厌氧条件,pH,温度,外源磷含量,微生物活动等环境因素对其的影响进行了模拟研究. 结果表明,微生物作用是影响海河沉积物中磷释放量的主要因素;厌氧条件下,磷从沉积物向水体的释放量远高于好氧条件下沉积物磷的释放量;温度升高有利于沉积物中磷的释放;酸性和碱性条件下沉积物磷的释放量略高于中性条件下沉积物磷的释放量;当上覆水磷含量较高时,沉积物中的磷呈“负释放"状态. 研究还显示,沉积物中不同形态的磷含量与沉积物磷释放量有不同程度的相关性,其中可交换态磷(NH₄Cl-P)和可还原态磷(BD-P)含量与沉积物磷的释放量高度相关(R2分别为0.99和0.84).      

河流底泥中溶解性有机物的释放途径及影响因素研究

以沈阳市新开河底泥为研究对象,考察了河流底泥中溶解性有机物（DOM）的释放途径,并分析了时间、温度、pH值、底泥粒径、盐度和上覆水体中溶解性有机碳（DOC）浓度对河流底泥DOM释放的影响.此外,还研究了底泥释放对上覆水体中DOM的光谱学特性的影响.结果表明,对底泥DOM释放影响程度最高的是间隙水的混合作用,其次是底泥表层静态释放,而悬浮颗粒释放对底泥DOM释放的影响程度较小.底泥DOM的释放量随温度,pH值,底泥粒径,盐度的增大而增大.上覆水体DOC浓度较高时,DOM由上覆水体向底泥迁移.扰动作用能够影响底泥DOM的迁移.类富里酸荧光物质和类芳香族蛋白质荧光物质是底泥DOM中的主要荧光物质.河流底泥DOM向上覆水体释放的主要是激发波长分别为280~300nm和320~380nm的荧光物质.并且,扰动作用促进了荧光物质由底泥向上覆水体的释放.     

杭州城市内河底泥磷污染与磷释放水力模拟

在分析杭州城市内河东新河底泥磷污染的基础上,采用加长型环形水槽动态模拟水体流速（0.002～0.02 m·s^-1）、上覆水质（水体总磷本底值分别为0.18、 0.072和0.007 mg·L^-1）及上覆水深（5、 10 cm）对底泥磷释放的影响,并定量分析了不同流速下底泥磷的释放速率.结果表明,东新河底泥的pH值、含水率、磷含量等理化性质有利于磷的释放.在动态水力条件下底泥磷主要以悬浮颗粒态形式向上覆水体释放.流速对底泥磷释放的影响较为显著,模型流速为0.008 m·s^-1（原型流速为0.05 m·s^-1）时对应底泥的“少量动”,此时底泥磷释放速率趋于最大,达147.36 g·(m²·h)^-1.上覆水质影响底泥磷的释放,尤其显著影响磷的初期释放,内河水较自来水更有利于底泥磷的释放,可能是由于内河水与底泥构成了良好的磷交换关系.在浅水水体中,上覆水深对底泥磷释放影响不大.因此,可以通过调节水力学条件和水质来抑制或强化河流底泥磷的释放.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.