饮用水中典型致嗅物质去除技术研究

为去除某市饮用水中的嗅味,根据该市饮用水水源中致嗅物质的组成特点,采用氧化、吸附和臭氧活性炭对其中典型致嗅物质的去除效果及工艺选择进行了研究.结果表明,硫醇硫醚类物质可以用氧化法有效去除,对土嗅素(geosmin)和2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)采用氧化法和活性炭吸附法均有效,但吸附法的效果更好;当原水中硫醇、硫醚类致嗅物质浓度<20 μg/L,不含有其他类型致嗅物质时,可以采用强化混凝＋高锰酸钾氧化工艺去除;当原水中geosmin、 2-MIB等微生物代谢产物类致嗅物质浓度<30 ng/L,不含有硫醇硫醚类致嗅物质时,可以采用强化混凝+粉末活性炭吸附工艺去除;当原水中硫醇、硫醚类致嗅物质浓度>20 μg/L,geosmin、 2-MIB浓度>30 ng/L时,需要增加臭氧活性炭深度处理工艺;当原水中硫醇、硫醚类致嗅物质浓度>150 μg/L,或者土嗅素、 2-MIB的浓度>100 ng/L时,需要根据致嗅物质组成特点,选择预KMnO₄氧化或者粉末活性炭吸附＋臭氧活性炭深度处理的组合工艺去除.     

羟基自由基氧化降解水中二-甲基异莰醇

二-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)是一种由蓝绿藻以及放线菌等微生物产生,具有桥环结构的饱和叔醇,在水中具有令人厌恶的土霉味,常规水处理工艺难以对其氧化降解.利用大气压强电离放电生成羟基自由基(·OH),对2-MIB进行氧化降解,确定了其氧化剂剂量效应、时间效应关系,并利用GC-MS对2-MIB氧化降解过程中间产物的分析,推断其氧化降解机制.结果表明:对初始浓度为150,300ng/L的2-MIB,分别投加总氧化剂TRO 1.8,2.3mg/L,接触反应6s去除率分别为96%和97.6%,处理后残余浓度低于10ng/L(低于人类嗅阈值).在2-MIB水样中加入·OH淬灭剂叔丁醇(TBA)后,2-MIB的去除效果明显降低,证明氧化降解2-MIB的主要为·OH.另外通过对氧化降解过程中间产物分析表明,·OH能破坏2-MIB的桥环结构,并最终矿化生成CO_2和H_2O.     

真空紫外/过二硫酸盐去除饮用水中嗅味物质

为解决饮用水嗅味问题,系统研究了真空紫外光(VUV)活化过二硫酸盐(PS)对典型致嗅物质2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)和土臭素(GSM)的去除效果及影响因素.结果表明,在PS浓度0.5 mmol·L~(-1)的条件下,PS难以去除2-MIB和GSM,VUV/PS联用工艺比VUV对2-MIB和GSM去除率分别提高76%和74%.VUV/PS联用工艺对致嗅物质的去除效果主要受PS浓度和VUV光强影响,在PS浓度0.25~2 mmol·L~(-1),VUV光强113.2~618.5μW·cm-2增加过程中,2-MIB的去除率分别增加42%和39%,GSM去除率分别增加34%和16%.p H值变化对2-MIB和GSM去除率的影响并不明显;HCO-3离子、腐殖酸的存在则导致2-MIB和GSM去除率的减小,减少程度随HCO-3离子、腐殖酸浓度的增大而增大.VUV/PS联用工艺可有效降解水中致嗅物质,降低后续水处理的难度.     

饮用水中土臭素和二甲基异冰片检测方法

介绍了导致饮用水产生异嗅味的物质土臭素(geosmin,GSM)和二甲基异冰片(2-methylisoborneo,2-MIB)的国内外研究现状及来源,对检测GSM和2-MIB的嗅觉法和仪器法的优缺点进行了评价,并对GSM和2-MIB的检测方法提出了展望。     

北京市景观水体嗅味污染特征

以北京市9处典型景观湖泊水体为研究对象,对其嗅味污染特征进行深入分析,并结合相关水质指标对水体嗅味污染特征进行初步解析. 研究发现,北京市景观水体中主要的嗅味污染物为土臭素(geosmin),2-甲基异莰醇(2-methylisoborneol,2-MIB)以及β-紫罗兰酮(β-ionone),其质量浓度平均值分别达613.84,1 319.57和143.00 ng/L. 通过对水质参数进行深入分析发现,北京市主要景观水体富营养化问题严重,TP是北京市景观水体的限制性水质因素,且有机物污染程度较高〔ρ(DOC)≥5.17 mg/L〕. 在研究的景观水体中,玉渊潭、福海和北海嗅味污染较为突出,前海和西海嗅味污染较轻. 北京市主要景观水体中嗅味污染与水中ρ(TP),ρ(DOP)和ρ(DOC)表现出显著相关,说明水体中存在的大量DOP和有机污染物是水体富营养化和嗅味污染的主要原因.      

典型城市河流中嗅味物质和微生物菌落特征

对某城市河流沿程水质、典型嗅味物质以及微生物群落结构进行了调查分析. 结果表明:河水中2种嗅味物质〔二甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)和土臭素(Geosmin)〕的质量浓度均受到ρ(DO)的显著影响. 绝对厌氧条件〔ρ(DO)<0.2 mg/L〕水体中,ρ(二甲基异莰醇)和ρ(土臭素)的平均值分别为794.8和269.8 ng/L;好氧条件〔ρ(DO)>2.0 mg/L〕水体中,二者的平均值分别为91.6 和104.7 ng/L;而且ρ(DO)较低时,水体中的可疑致病菌含量升高,微生物安全性降低. 控制该河流水体ρ(DO)在2.0 mg/L以上,有利于抑制水体中嗅味物质的产生,可提高河流水体的微生物安全性.      

我国饮用水中嗅味问题及其研究进展

综述了我国饮用水中的嗅味问题及其国内外研究进展,着重讨论了我国面临的饮用水中嗅味问题的现状、水中嗅味来源及饮用水中嗅味的定性定量分析技术、致嗅物质组成特性、典型致嗅物质的去除技术及工艺.旨在阐明除了土嗅素(geosmin)和2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)等微生物代谢产物外,硫醇硫醚类厌氧分解产物也是我国饮用水中重要的致嗅物质.硫醇硫醚类致嗅物质于2006年首次在东莞饮用水中发现,后被证明也是2007年太湖饮用水危机中的主要致嗅物质.Geosmin和2-MIB的吸附效果好于氧化,而硫醇硫醚类致嗅物质易于被氧化去除,不易被吸附去除.需要尽快开展我国饮用水中致嗅物质组成特性及典型致嗅物质去除技术和工艺的研究,形成应对不同水源、不同季节、不同致嗅物质嗅味的饮用水处理工艺.     

地表水体放线菌分离鉴定与致嗅能力研究

原水中的嗅味是饮用水中嗅味的主要来源之一.从中国南方地区某水库中分离纯化放线菌并进行菌种鉴定及产致嗅物质2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)和土臭素(GSM)能力研究.使用膜滤法和高氏一号培养基分离纯化水体中的放线菌.结合菌落菌丝形态特征、碳源利用、菌株生理生化特征及16S rRNA同源性序列分析对从该水库中分离纯化的40株放线菌进行菌种鉴定,结果表明有38株链霉菌、1株气微菌和1株假诺卡氏菌.分别使用高氏一号液体培养基和水库水体对这40株放线菌进行摇床发酵,结合顶空固相微萃取(SPME)和气质联用(GC-MS)方法检测发酵液中致嗅物质2-MIB和GSM含量,发现不同放线菌甚至链霉菌属内不同菌种产生致嗅物质的能力不同,且相差较大.放线菌在液体培养基中产致嗅物质2-MIB和GSM能力并不完全代表在水库中对水体2-MIB和GSM的贡献大小.     

上海某黄浦江原水供水系统中主要致嗅物质的迁移规律分析

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用研究了上海市某黄浦江水源供水系统中2-甲基异莰醇(M1B)、土味素(GSM)和余氯的迁移变化规律.结果表明,黄浦江源水及其各级净水工艺处理水、管网水和二次供水系统末端水中均含有MIB和GSM,分别在2～18 ng/L和2.68～5.06 ng/L之间;其浓度经水厂各级工艺处理后明显下...     

超声活化过硫酸盐降解水中典型嗅味

为有效解决饮用水嗅味污染问题,选取水中典型致嗅物质二甲基异莰醇（2-MIB）和土臭素（GSM）作为目标污染物,系统研究了超声（US）活化过硫酸盐（PS）高级氧化技术对两种致嗅物质的降解规律及其影响因素.结果表明,在15 min内超声/过硫酸盐联用工艺能有效去除水中典型嗅味,与单独超声处理相比,2-MIB和GSM的去除率分别可提高57.0%和63.6%;2-MIB与GSM浓度在100~800 ng·L^-1范围内US/PS联用工艺均有较高的去除率,且在100 ng·L^-1时降解效果最佳,去除率分别可达88.7%和93.3%;典型致嗅物质的降解速率随PS浓度（0.25~2mmol·L^-1）和US声强（0.33~0.53 W·cm^-2）的增加而加快;水体中腐殖酸存在会竞争消耗自由基使嗅味降解受到抑制但影响效果不显著;在反应体系中分别加入甲醇与叔丁醇（自由基清除剂）后,2-MIB与GSM去除率明显下降,且甲醇对嗅味降解抑制程度强于叔丁醇,表明US/PS高级氧化技术对嗅味快速的降解主要是硫酸根自由基与羟基自由基共同作用的结果.     

Identification of causative compounds and microorganisms for musty odor occurrence in the Huangpu River, China

There are regular problems of musty odor in the Huangpu River,a major source of drinking water for Shanghai,China.In this study,the musty odor and its main causative compounds in the Huangpu River source water were confirmed through a yearly investigation using flavor profile analysis combined with HSPME-GC-MS analysis.The investigation showed that 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) with a concentration level between 28.6 and 71.0 ng/L was responsible for the musty odor in summer from July to September.Microscopic observation confirmed with the cloning results showed that Phormidium spp.,which accounted for 80%-95% of the algal cell density,was the microorganisms responsible for the production of 2-MIB and the estimated 2-MIB yield was 0.022 pg/cell.Results from a wide-area sampling campaign in the Huangpu River watershed showed that,other than the large tributaries receiving water from Tai Lake,several small creeks close to the intake may have contributed most of the 2-MIB and the Phormidium spp.to the Huangpu River source water.This study provides methodology for the investigation of odor causing compounds and microorganisms in river-type source water,and the result will be useful for water quality control in both source water and drinking water.     

Detection of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol by liquid-liquid extraction-gas chromatograph mass spectrum (LLE-GCMS)and solid phase extraction-gas chromatograph mass spectrum (SPE-GCMS)

Two sample preparation methods were introduced and compared in this paper to establish a simple, quick and exact analysis of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol. LC-18 column was employed in solid phase extraction (SPE), 1.0 mL of hexane was adopted in liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), and the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatograph mass spectrum (GCMS) in selected ion mode. Mean recoveries of SPE were low for 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin (GSM) with values below 50%. For LLE, the recoveries were satisfyingly above 50% for 2-MIB and 80% for GSM. Detection limits of the LLE method were as low as 1.0 ng/L for GSM and 5.0 ng/L for 2-MIB. A year-long investigation on odor chemicals of drinking water in Shanghai demonstrated that in the summer, there was a serious odor problem induced by a high concentration of 2-MIB. The highest concentration of 152.82 ng/L appeared in July in raw water, while GSM flocculation was minimal with concentrations below odor threshold.     

Quantitative method to determine the regional drinking water odorant regulation goals based on odor sensitivity distribution：Illustrated using 2-MIB

Taste and odor （T/O） in drinking water often cause consumer complaints and are thus regulated in many countries. However, people in different regions may exhibit different sensitivities toward WO. This study proposed a method to determine the regional drinking water odorant regulation goals （ORGs） based on the odor sensitivity distribution of the local population. The distribution of odor sensitivity to 2-methylisobomeol （2-MIB） by the local population in Beijing, China was revealed by using a normal distribution function/model to describe the odor complaint response to a 2-MIB episode in 2005, and a 2-MIB concentration of 12.9 ng/L and FPA （flavor profile analysis） intensity of 2.5 was found to be the critical point to cause odor complaints. Thus the Beijing ORG for 2-MIB was determined to be 12.9 ng/L. Based on the assumption that the local FPA panel can represent the local population in terms of sensitivity to odor, and that the critical FPA intensity causing odor complaints was 2.5, this study tried to determine the ORGs for seven other cities of China by performing FPA tests using an FPA panel from the corresponding city. ORG values between 12.9 and 31.6 ng/L were determined, showing that a unified ORG may not be suitable for drinking water odor regulations. This study presents a novel approach for setting drinking water odor regulations.     

饮用水源水中致嗅物质去除技术研究进展

土臭素和2-甲基异莰醇是饮用水中存在的主要致嗅味物质,活性炭吸附是目前研究最多、应用最广泛的嗅味物质去除技术,文章重点介绍了影响活性炭吸附的各种因素,对化学氧化法和生物降解法去除嗅味物质的研究进展进行了简述。     

Simultaneous analysis of five taste and odor compounds in surface water using solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

In this paper, a method using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed to simultaneously analyze five taste and odor compounds in surface water, i.e., 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA), 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy pyrazine (IPMP), 2-isobutyl-3-methoxy pyrazine (IBMP), and trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol (geosmin, GSM). The mass spectrometry was operated in selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Three kinds of SPE columns and three eluting solvents were compared, the C18 column was chosen as optimum SPE column, and methanol was chosen as the optimum eluting solvent. It was found that the method showed good linearity in the range of 1–200 ng·L⁻¹ and gave detection limits of 0.5–1.5 ng·L⁻¹ for individual compounds. Good recoveries (93.5%–108%) and relative standard deviations (1.58%–7.31%) were also obtained. Additionally, concentrations of these taste and odor compounds in Jinan’s surface and drinking water were analyzed by applying this method, and the results showed that GSM and 2-MIB were the dominant taste and odor compounds in Jinan’s raw water.     

枯草芽孢杆菌对土臭素和2-甲基异冰片的降解动力学特性

土臭素(geosmin,GSM)和2-甲基异冰片(2-methylisoborneol,2-MIB)是2种普遍存在于养殖水体中的土腥异味化合物,微生物降解是去除这两种物质的有效途径.本文研究了枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)降解GSM和2-MIB的动力学特性.结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌对GSM(1 000~2 000 ng·L-1)和2-MIB(1 000~2 000 ng·L-1)具有较好的降解性能,降解率均达90%以上;枯草芽孢杆菌对这些异味化合物的降解符合伪一级反应动力学,其生物降解速率常数(K)范围为0.14~0.41,降解速率不随GSM和MIB初始浓度的变化而变化;枯草芽孢杆菌对GSM降解的最大比生长速率umax为0.311,Monod常数KS为1.73,而在降解MIB过程中枯草芽孢杆菌的生长不符合Monod方程(R2=0.781).     

上海水源水库产2-MIB生物总量评估方法与应用

本研究开展了蓝藻产2-MIB功能基因mic的qPCR定量分析,对上海水源水库中的mic基因进行长期调研.结果表明,在长江水源水库和黄埔江水源水库中mic基因都有检出.在夏季其丰度达到峰期,基因拷贝数达到10~7～10~8 copies·L~(-1).分析表明mic基因拷贝数与蓝藻、伪鱼腥藻细胞密度、2-MIB浓度之间均存在相关性.因此通过mic基因定量进而推断水中产嗅生物总量的方法,可代替繁琐、重现性低的显微镜镜检过程.应用中还需更多实践,结合其他指标改进准确度.