可持续消费、人类福利与环境影响：进展与问题

可持续消费是实现全球可持续发展目标的关键内容之一。如何在增加人类福利的同时,通过践行可持续消费模式以实现生态环境持续健康发展,是我们迫切需要总结和讨论的重要议题。在系统梳理可持续消费概念、必备条件以及可持续消费效果评估的基础上,综述了消费与人类福利的关系以及水足迹视角下消费的环境影响评估研究,通过阐释人类福利、环境影响以及可持续消费模式之间的内在联系,指明当前研究工作中存在的主要问题有：（1）在可持续发展模式实践中,缺少系统、科学、合理、针对性强、有效的“战略指导”和“战略引导”;（2）缺少对可持续消费状态的系统评估和评判标准;（3）虽明确了可持续消费模式优化的方向,但个人实践可持续消费的潜在行为能力仍有待评估;（4）宏观层面的可持续消费机制或约束机制较为缺乏、可持续消费实践研究相对缺位;（5）可持续消费模式与可持续生计关联机制研究较为缺乏。最终反思提出未来应该在以下几个方面深入研究：（1）明确可持续消费的战略定位,完善顶层设计;（2）深化对可持续消费的系统评估,构建科学合理的可持续消费评估指标体系;（3）加强个人实践在可持续消费中潜在行为能力的测度;（4）深入研究宏观层面的可持续消费机制,以推动可持续消费的实践发展;（5）深入研究可持续消费模式与可持续生计关联机制,达成脱贫与长期福利的双赢红利。     

中国实施可持续消费的现状和对策分析

在新的消费政策和环境要求下如何进行可持续消费 ,对于中国可持续发展的进程将有很大影响。本文分析了中国目前实施可持续消费的障碍和机遇 ,并从可持续消费过程的几个主体角度 ,为构建合理的可持续消费模式提出对策和建议     

我国城镇居民可持续消费浅析

本文通过对可持续消费的背景以及相关理论的论述,在分析我国城镇居民可持续消费存在问题的基础上,构建了符合我国城镇居民可持续消费特点的指标体系,并讨论了我国城镇居民可持续消费的测度思路.     

中国消费者可持续消费行为调查

2013年1月,中国消费者协会、中国社会科学院经济学部与欧莱雅中国共同发起并开展的可持续消费研究项目成果——《中国可持续消费研究报告2012》在京发布。该报告是首部反映中国可持续消费现状的研究报告,调查了消费者对可持续消费的认知及行为,构建了中国可持续消费综合指数,为可持续消费政策的制定提出了建议。项目组通过设计网络在线问卷,调查了北京、上海、广州、沈阳、西安、成都等六个中国主要城市的可持续消费现状,最终收集有效问卷3004份。现将该报告中的部分调查数据     

可持续消费与绿色发展

本报告介绍并讨论了可持续消费的概念和实践方法、可持续消费与绿色发展的关系、可持续城镇化和由此对中国产生的影响,提出相关政策建议。报告由四部分组成:一是介绍了可持续消费与绿色发展的原则和定义,以及中国面临的消费挑战。二是论述了中国可持续消费政策现状,现有差距、挑战和机遇。三是总结了可持续消费领域最具相关性的国际经验,包括政策工具和最佳实践案例。四是提出了一系列具体建议以促进中国政府在国内新兴消费者锁定不可持续消费模式前成功地实施可持续消费战略。     

可持续消费发展历程

近几年,随着科学技术的发展和人们生活水平的提高,消费已经成为社会经济发展的重要推动因素。人们也在关注由自身消费模式所引起的环境问题,可持续消费便应运而生。本文以可持续消费的发展历程为主要研究内容,并剖析可持续消费发展特征。并将可持续消费的发展分为四个阶段：萌芽阶段、初步建立阶段、发展阶段和实施阶段。     

以可持续消费促进绿色转型

可持续生产与可持续消费都是实现可持续发展的机制,在市场经济条件下,消费行为会引导生产行为,因此,从一定意义上说,可持续消费比可持续生产对社会的影响更为深远,转变现有的消费模式不仅是破解资源与环境困境的需要,更是从深层次推动可持续生产的市场驱动力.     

全面推进可持续消费促进“十二五”环保目标实现

"十二五"规划中提出了加快建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会,提高生态文明水平的环保目标,要求全面推进可持续消费,并对可持续消费的三个主体即政府、企业与消费者提出了新要求。为推动我国可持续消费促进"十二五"环保目标实现,作为主导者的政府,应该建立国家可持续消费管理框架及相关的法律法规制度,运用经济手段引导可持续消费,深化配套的支撑性制度,同时加大政府信息公开以及环保宣传力度。企业作为实践者,应该引进高效的绿色供应链管理模式,通过试点方式由点到线到面逐步展开,并统一信息化管理开展高效的交流与协作。而消费者应该积极参与可持续消费,行使选择可持续消费的权利,积极参与环保监督。     

可持续消费发展历程

近几年，随着科学技术的发展和人们生活水平的提高，消费已经成为社会经济发展的重要推动因素。人们也在关注由自身消费模式所引起的环境问题，可持续消费便应运而生。本文以可持续消费的发展历程为主要研究内容，并剖析可持续消费发展特征。并将可持续消费的发展分为四个阶段：萌芽阶段、初步建立阶段、发展阶段和实施阶段。     

我国可持续消费模式构建探析

新世纪人类将更加关注生态与环境问题 ,而人们的环境意识和消费理念密切相关。较全面地分析了可持续消费的内涵及影响消费模式选择的主要因素 ,并针对中国的消费现状 ,提出了构建我国可持续消费模式的有效对策和具体措施。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.