生物多样性与城市景观生态建设

论述了生物多样性在城市景观中的重要作用，生物多样的现代城市中的衰落以及城市生物多样性保护与景观生态建设的关系，提出应将生物多样性保护计划同城市景观生态建设结合起来。     

喀斯特旅游洞穴景观多样性及其保护

讨论了喀斯特旅游洞穴景观多样性的含意，类型和特性。采用多样性指数，相对丰富度及离散度对洞穴景观多样性进行了定量表达与评判。阐述了人工作用对沿穴景观多样性的影响。对旅游沿穴景观多样性的保护提出了相应的对策与建议。     

景观生态学在生物多样性保护中的作用

生物多样性是人类赖以生存的物质基础,随着人类的发展,生物多样性受到了严重的威胁,并得到全世界的关注。多样性保护的途径主要分为两个,一个是以物种为中心的传统保护途径,另一个是以生态系统为中心的景观生态保护途径。景观生态学的发展为生物多样性的保护提供了新的理论与方法。本文论述了生物多样性保护中景观生态学原理的运用,并简要介绍了目前景观生态学在生物多样性保护中的作用,旨在为生物多样性的保护提供理论依据。     

喀斯特旅游洞穴景观多样性及其保护

讨论了喀斯特旅游洞穴景观多样性的含意、类型和特性。采用多样性指数,相对丰富度及离散度对洞穴景观多样性进行了定量表达与评判。阐述了人工作用对洞穴景观多样性的影响。对旅游洞穴景观多样性的保护提出了相应的对策与建议。     

浅析生物物种多样性与生态环境--辉河自然保护区鸟类物种多样性与生态环境

作为保护区管理局的科研人员，通过理论与实践结合，运用景观生态学原理，探讨了辉河自然保护区鸟类多样性。     

生物多样性的价值

生物多样性包括遗传、物种，生态系统多样性三个层次。生物多样性的价值主要表现在：第一，对农业生产的价值，第二，对医学价值；第三，对工业生产的价值；第四，稳定生态系统的价值；第五、教育，科研及旅游价值，第六，为人类提供适应未来变化的资源。     

生物多样性保护的环境伦理规则初探

生物多样性资源具有多种价值，而人类的活动正导致地球上的生物多样性资源以前所未有的速度减少。因此，生物多样性保护已成为全球环境保护的一个热点。本文在介绍生物多样概念的基础上，从环境伦理学的角度出发，提出生物多样性保护的伦理规则为：生物资源享用的平等原则，生物多样性资源保护的平等原则，生物多样性保护费用分摊的平等原则。     

《生物多样性公约》与中国的生物多样性保护

生物多样性，是指地球上所有生物———植物、动物和微生物及其生存环境所构成的综合体。它包括生态系统、物种和基因三个层次的多样性。生物多样性是地球上生命经过几十亿年发展进化的结果，是人类赖以生存的物质基础，为我们提供了所需要的全部食品、许多药物和工业原料，具有重要的艺术、美学、文化、科学、旅游价值。生物多样性还有其重要的环境功能，主要表现在固定太阳能，调节水及气候、防止水土流失、吸收分解污染物，贮存营养元素促进养分循环和维持进化过程等。８０年代以来，生物多样性的保护和可持续利用逐渐引起国际社会普遍关…     

环境影响评价中生物多样性的价值评估探讨

现行环境影响评价中的费用－效益分析，一直没有引入生物多样性的价值评估。该文着重探讨了生物多样性的价值及其分类，建立了诉种生态价值评估模型。生物多样性的价值虽然很复杂，但仍是可以估算的，在建设项目及开发区范围内抓住有代表性的生物多样性组成，调查其现状，预测其变化的价值量，把有效的生物多样性损失伯价值量纳入环境影响评价中的费用－－效益成本分析中，便可作为科学决策的依据。     

论生物多样性的价值

从经济学角度论述了生物多样性的价值 ,并从三方面论述了生物多样性受到的威胁可能会给人类带来的危害 ,从经济价值角度揭示了保护生物多样性的重要意义。     

Relationships between Danish organic farming and landscape composition

This article presents an investigation of relationships between organic farming and landscape composition in Denmark. Landscape composition was analysed in terms of density of uncultivated landscape elements (I), number of land uses per hectare (II), diversity of land use (III) and mean field size (IV). Two analytical approaches were used. The first was based on an examination of the national agricultural registers for 1998, 2001 and 2004. The second approach used aerial photo interpretation for an analysis of 72 conventional and 40 organic farms within three sample areas for 1982, 1995 and 2002. The national analysis indicated that organic farming has a direct effect on landscape composition. In 2001, organic farms were characterised by a higher number of land uses per ha, a higher land use diversity and smaller mean field sizes. From 1998 to 2004, conversion to organic farming was related to an increasing number of land uses per ha, increasing land-use diversity and decreasing mean field sizes. Relationships between organic farming and landscape composition were independent of variations in regional location, farm size or farm size change. At the level of sample areas, a significant relationship between organic farming and landscape composition was only found for densities of small biotopes. However, when differences in farm size and physical geographical conditions between conventional and organic farms were taken into account, several significant differences in landscape composition were clarified in two of the three sample areas. Furthermore, changes in landscape composition following conversion to organic farming were largely biased by the characteristics of the sample areas. Thus, in contrast to the national level, the sample area study indicated that differences in landscape composition between organic and conventional farms were not a direct implication of organic farming practices, but were related to variations within other parameters and to the location of organically farmed land.     

高速公路对沿途土地利用及景观格局的影响——以内蒙古省道103线蒲滩木刀口到城壕段为例

利用2002年和2006年公路建设前后的两期遥感数据,分析了公路对沿线土地利用和景观格局的影响。结果表明：公路建设使公路用地面积增加了4.10km^2,主要由侵占农业用地和沙地所导致;居民区、森林面积分别增加了1.12km^2和0.08km^2,其余土地利用类型面积有所减少;道路、居民区和森林的景观破碎化指数增加,农田、草地、灌木、沙地和水域下降;景观多样性指数增加,景观优势度降低。     

基于GIS的煤矿区景观格局时空变化分析——以呼伦贝尔市某煤矿为例

在GIS平台和Fragstats 4．1软件的支持下,本文以1989年和1999年的TM影像,2012年的资源三号卫星影像为数据源,利用景观／斑块类型面积、斑块所占景观面积的比例、斑块密度、最大斑块指数、总边缘长度、边缘密度、香农多样性指数、蔓延度指数等景观特征指标,对呼伦贝尔市某煤矿区的景观特征动态变化进行分析。结果显示：该煤矿区20多年来景观格局有了很大变化,景观类型由1989年的水域、草地、未利用地为主导变为2012年以未利用地、草地、耕地为主导,其中因人类工业活动和人工复垦导致工矿景观、道路景观、林地景观和耕地景观面积增加,而原来占绝对优势的水域景观面积则大幅减小。     

流域景观格局对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响研究——以太子河山区段为例

为研究太子河山区段大型底栖动物群落结构与陆地景观因子之间的相互关系,以水生态调查和遥感解译数据为基础,采用主成分分析和回归分析的方法分析了景观格局指数与大型底栖动物群落结构指数的关系,结果表明:大型底栖动物的物种数、EPT科级分类单元数(蜉蝣目、襀翅目、毛翅目)和ASPT指数与景观聚集度指数、最大斑块指数、连通度指数呈显著正相关,与景观香农多样性指数、分离度指数、景观形状指数呈显著负相关。研究结果反映了流域景观斑块的破碎化和人为干扰会对底栖动物群落结构产生负面影响,可以指导以保护河流大型底栖动物群落为目标的流域景观格局优化。     

输气管道建设项目景观及生态系统影响评价—以广东省天然气管网一期工程为例

广东省天然气一期总长约466．5km,其中干线长度约369．1km,支干线长约97．4km。项目建设区域包括广州、佛山、肇庆、惠州、韶关、清远和东莞6市。天然气管道建设因其工程特性、施工方式,不可避免对土地利用类型、土壤、植被、动物、农业等方面带来影响,其表征为景观生态的直接影响,由此带来生态系统结构和功能的改变。以广东省天然气一期为例,采用遥感解译和GIS分析技术进行生态影响评价。通过地貌、植被、土地利用现状和现代地理过程等要素的组合,结合景观破碎度、多样性、优势度等指标,定量评价管道建设造成的景观生态影响。选取植被、土壤亮度、湿度、热度等指数,确立各指数权重分后,建立生态评价模型,对生态系统质量进行综合评价,分析管道建设可能造成的生态系统影响。评价区内景观生态类型可分为水域、旱地、水田、林地、草地、建设用地6种,各占6．5％、9．9％、51．2％、25．2％、2．8％和4．3％,破碎度为0．298,均匀度0．743,优势度0．594;生态环境质量可分为良好、中等、较差3类,各占39．8％、26．0％和34．2％。     

城市景观格局对热环境影响遥感研究

为揭示城市景观格局对热环境的影响,在遥感及景观理论的支持下,对长春市1993年、2005年的城市热环境与景观格局进行分析。研究发现,在清理围墙院落等科学、合理的城市规划影响下,研究区"封闭式"的景观状态得以改变,向着离散、多样、均匀的方向发展;热环境也有所改善,特别是高温区面积减少了6.2%;城市热环境不仅与下垫面的景观类型密切联系,还与景观类型的空间组合格局有关系。对该区地表温度与景观多样性指数进行分析,发现二者具有明显的二次抛物线相关关系。     

基于QuickBird卫星影像的徐径镇城市景观格局分析

以2000年和2004年的QuickBird卫星影像解译的徐径镇土地利用类型图为基础，对土地利用类型变化的幅度和土地利用类型之间转换的空间关系进行了研究，同时选取合适的景观格局指数对该区域的景观格局进行了分析。最后，给出结论和建议。     

上海城市绿地景观异质性分析

选取贯穿上海外环线内绿地景观的8条样线，借助数学的方法，研究绿地景观要素的构成、线性分布等特征，从而找出了上海城市绿地景观的异质性状况，并对今后的规划建设提出了建议。     

Integrating economic landscape valuation into Mediterranean territorial planning

Recent and rapid landscape changes have occurred over large areas in Mediterranean Basin. Wildfires and human activities are the most important disturbances at landscape-level due to their ecological and socio-economic impacts. The increasing demand which society places on the forest landscapes has led us to develop a tool to identify the economic landscape value around natural protected areas. Our research focused on the integration of social, ecological and economic components of landscape management based on stated social preferences and contingent valuation method (CVM). Landscape value research has been motivated by the need to assist land use planning and environmental management.Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have provided new opportunities to spatially distributed modeling of landscape quality. Correlations were found between the representativeness of the landscape and its sense of belonging, and the contingent rating. Landscape with intensive agricultural practices and mining areas were the least preferred landscapes. There was a notable variation in the economic landscape value attributed to the study area based on the considered CVM scenario, ranging from 1,253,075.1 Euros to 3,650,827.8 Euros. We added the geospatial allocation of willingness to pay according to five landscape quality categories. Our approach could be used to identify priority areas for conservation based on maximizing landscape value, and would be useful in detecting interesting or conflict areas associated with new management and planning alternatives. In this sense, this approach offers managers to seek territorial management strategies to increase economic efficiency in the allocation of resources.     

Diversity of cereal aphid parasitoids in simple and complex landscapes

Structurally complex landscapes may enhance local species richness and interactions, which is possibly due to a higher species pool in complex landscapes. This hypothesis was tested using cereal aphid parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Aphidiidae) by comparing 12 winter wheat fields in structurally complex landscapes (>50% semi-natural habitats; n = 6) and structurally simple landscapes dominated by agricultural lands (>80% arable land; n = 6). Surprisingly, landscape structural complexity had no effect on aphid parasitoid species diversity. In complex landscapes 12 and in simple landscapes 11 species were found; 9 species occurred in both landscape types. Hence, arable fields in high-intensity agricultural landscapes with little non-crop area can support a similar diversity of cereal aphid parasitoids as structurally complex landscapes. This finding suggests that cereal aphid parasitoids may find necessary resources even in simple landscapes, making generalisations concerning the relationship between landscape composition and biodiversity in arable fields difficult.