玉树归来

玉树是青藏南部高原的腹地,是青海地势最高的地方,平均海拔4500米,海拔超过5000米的山峰有2000多座,可谓"群山绵延、终年冠雪"。玉树藏语的意思是"王朝遗址"或"部落遗风"。与西藏昌都、四川甘孜、云南迪庆同属康巴藏地。2011年10月7日,笔者随中华环保基金会玉树     

Dye removal from wastewater using the adsorbent developed from sewage sludge

Introduction Adsorptionisrelevantinenvironmentalpollutionandprotectionwithreferencetowaterandwastewatertreatment(Bowen,1992).Toxicmaterials,hazardousionsanddyes fromindustrialeffluentsbythewayofadsorptionareofgreatsignificantinconnectionwithenvironmentala…     

中药渣生物炭对磺胺甲基嘧啶的吸附及机理研究

以传统中药-黄芪废渣为原料,分别在200℃、400℃、500℃、600℃和700℃的厌氧氛围下热解制备生物炭材料（BC200、BC400、BC500、BC600和BC700）,并利用BET比表面积分析、FTIR光谱分析、扫描电子显微镜等方法对其进行表征,同时考察不同投加量、吸附时间、初始浓度和pH值下生物炭对磺胺甲基嘧啶的吸附特征.结果表明,随制备温度的升高,生物炭的表面积及吸附性能也显著增加.相比原状黄芪渣（S_BET=0.42m²/g）,BC700的BET比表面积（S_BET=155.69m²/g）增大370倍,对磺胺甲基嘧啶的吸附容量增加185倍.BC700对磺胺甲基嘧啶的等温吸附过程符合Langmuir模型（R²=0.9977）,最大吸附容量为11.96mg/g,吸附反应过程满足准二级动力学方程（R²>0.994）,且为化学吸附.同时随着溶液初始pH值和投加量的升高,生物炭的吸附容量先增大后减小,最佳吸附pH值为4.     

脱硫石膏基羟基磷灰石对Cu2+吸附性能的研究

以燃煤电厂废弃物脱硫石膏(FGD)为主要原料,利用水热合成法制备羟基磷灰石(FGD-HA),利用XRD和SEM对FGD-HA的物相组成和微观形貌进行了分析和观察.通过静态吸附实验研究了吸附动力学、吸附等温线以及吸附热力学.结果表明,伪二级动力学模型相关系数为0.9998,是描述FGD-HA吸附Cu2+的最佳动力学模型,Cu2+在FGD-HA上的吸附平衡符合Langmuir等温线模型(R2=0.9846),热力学表明此吸附是自发吸热的过程.利用响应面分析法对Cu2+的吸附条件进行优化,得出投加量3.11g/L、pH值4.96、温度22.09℃、Cu2+初始浓度24.75mg/L为最佳吸附条件,此条件下Cu2+去除率预测值为100%,相同条件下开展的验证实验结果为97.4%,与预测值相接近说明模型的选择是实际可行的.     

New information from bloodstains

The traditional philosophy behind the grouping of bloodstains in the Forensic Science Laboratory is described. It is emphasised that while these blood-grouping methods are highly discriminating in the sense that they may distinguish one person's blood from hundreds, or thousands of others, such information may be of limited value in many crime investigations. The reason for this is that such information does not normally relate to physical features of the individual with which we are all familiar such as sex or age. Recent research work is described in which efforts are being made to deduce from small bloodstains information which indicates the donor's sex, age, ethnic origin and perhaps clinical history.     

由波兹南会议想到的

人们对在波兹南举行的气候变化大会一直不抱什么期望。从谈判的结果看,成果也近乎“平庸”,唯一进展就是保证了谈判处于既定的轨道上。     

Phosphorus loss from different farming systems estimated from soil surface phosphorus balance

The phosphorus load originating from crop production and animal husbandry is a major contributor to the eutrophication of lakes, rivers and coastal waters. The P losses to surface waters may, however, differ drastically due to the diversity of agricultural production systems practised under contrasting environmental conditions. To assess the most problematic types of agriculture, we need information on the P load from different alternative farming practices. Such information cannot, however, be obtained solely from field runoff experiments, as the number of treatment combinations required to account for all relevant farming systems and environmental conditions far exceeds our research capabilities. To facilitate the comparison of P loads, we therefore need reasonably simple models. A key factor controlling the P load from agriculture is the past and present use of nutrients in fertilizers and manure in relation to a crop's uptake, i.e. the soil-surface balance of P. Here, we present a simple empirical model that relates the P surplus (or deficit) in a farm to the edge-of-field losses of algal-available P. Based on long-term fertilizer trials, the model first estimates the change in soil-test P of top soil with the aid of the soil-surface balance of P. Soil-test P is then used to approximate the concentration of dissolved reactive P in surface runoff and drainage flow, as adjusted for different P application types. The loss of particulate P is obtained from typical erosion rates. The model can be applied in life-cycle analyses and in assessing future developments. We illustrate use of the model by calculating the loss of algal-available P from conventional and organic crop and dairy farms located on clay and fine sand soils.     

Sustainable biofuels from algae

There is currently great interest in microalgae as sources of renewable energy and biofuels. Many algae species have a high lipid content and can be grown on non-arable land using alternate water sources such as seawater. This paper discusses in detail the issue of sustainability of commercial-scale microalgae production of biofuels with particular focus on land, water, nutrients (N and P) and CO₂ requirements and highlights some of the key issues in the very large scale culture of microalgae which is required for biofuels. The use of genetically modified algae is also considered.     

Drugs from marine organisms

A modern approach to the search for biologically active substances of potential therapeutic use isolated from marine organisms is illustrated by a presentation of the multidisciplinary project pursued by the Roche Research Institute of Marine Pharmacology near Sydney, Australia. This specialized insitute is part of the world-wide research endeavour of our company and has now been in operation for five years. Following a brief outline of the technical functions the main scientific achievements published by the scientists of the institute are reviewed. This institute is, to our knowledge, the only one of its kind in private industry and we have attempted to demonstrate how its activities should be viewed in the overall context of today's drug or product development.     

1998—2008年我国废水污水处理的碳排量估算

对我国1998—2008年的废污水碳排量进行了估算.同时,提出一种综合的碳排量估算方法,即综合生化反应过程法与耗电量折算法,分别计算了我国废污水处理过程中相关生化反应所伴随的碳排量(直接碳排)和废污水处理过程中的能耗所对应的碳排量(间接碳排).生化反应过程法运用物质守恒定律并结合生化过程的基本参数对碳排量进行核算;耗电量折算法主要是通过计算废污水处理的总耗电量,进一步将耗电量折算成碳排量.计算结果表明,1998—2008年我国废水污水处理产生总平均碳排量为35.4×106t.污水处理产生的碳排量大于废水处理产生的碳排量,平均占总碳排量的56.3%,呈逐年上升趋势.废污水处理产生的直接碳排量大于间接碳排量,平均占碳排总量的51.7%,呈逐年下降趋势.直接碳排量中,生活污水处理碳排量占73.6%,呈逐年上升趋势,而且水处理碳排量平均为泥处理碳排量的4.27倍.间接碳排量中,生活污水处理碳排量占37.5%,且呈上升趋势,工业碳排量较大的行业,如造纸及相关制品业,化学、医药制品业与水电气供应业碳排量分别占总量的25.2%、18.6%和17.5%.     

农作物残体制备的生物质炭对水中亚甲基蓝的吸附作用

将稻草、稻壳、大豆秸秆和花生秸秆低温热解制备生物质炭,用平衡吸附实验和淋溶实验研究了制备的生物质炭对阳离子染料亚甲基蓝的吸附及对水体中亚甲基蓝的去除效果.结果表明,生物质炭对亚甲基蓝有很高的吸附能力,但不同生物质炭之间存在较大差异,4种生物质炭吸附亚甲基蓝能力的大小顺序为:稻草炭>大豆秸秆炭>花生秸秆炭>稻壳炭,这一顺序与生物质炭表面负电荷数量和生物质炭比表面的大小顺序基本一致.但亚甲基蓝在生物质炭表面主要发生专性吸附,因为亚甲基蓝的吸附量随介质离子强度的增加而增加,而且亚甲基蓝吸附使生物质炭颗粒的Zeta电位向正值方向位移.Langmuir方程对吸附等温线的拟合效果较好,可以用Langmuir方程描述生物质炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附.由Langmuir方程预测的亚甲基蓝在稻草炭、大豆秸秆炭、花生秸秆炭和稻壳炭表面的最大吸附量分别为196.1、169.5、129.9和89.3 mmol.kg-1.淋溶实验表明,156 g稻壳炭可以将30 L水中亚甲基蓝浓度为0.3 mmol.L-1的染料几乎全部除去,累积吸附量达57.7 mmol.kg-1.生物质炭可以用作高效吸附剂去除染料废水中的亚甲基蓝.     

Dodo remains from an in situ context from Mare aux Songes, Mauritius

Since 2005, excavations at Mare aux Songes, Mauritius, have revealed the presence of a very rich, ∼4,200-year-old fossil bone bed including dodo (Raphus cucullatus) bones and bone fragments. The recently excavated dodo assemblage comprises at least 17 individuals and is characterised by the presence of small and fragile skeletal elements, a dominance of leg elements and an absence of juveniles. The hydrology of the area suggests that dodos, like many other species, were probably lured to Mare aux Songes by the presence of freshwater during times of drought. The most likely scenario for the origin of the fossil deposit is that animals became trapped in the sediment in repeated miring events, which would favour the conservation of hindlimbs. Such a scenario is fully in accordance with the taphonomic characteristics of the bone assemblage.     

利用粉煤灰合成沸石处理重金属污水研究

本研究中利用粉煤灰合成沸石对含有Cu^2 、Pb^2 、Cd^2 的制备水样进行批处理振荡实验，其吸附容量分别为9．56、0．89和0．25mg／l。实验证明，用合成沸石处理含重金属离子污水达到平衡所需的时间约为3h。对污水中重金属离子的去除率随pH值降低而降低，随沸石用量增加而增加。同等条件下，利用粉煤灰处理含Cu^2 的污水，其吸附容量仅为6．49mg／l，低于合成沸石。     

Ciprofloxacin adsorption from aqueous solution onto chemically prepared carbon from date palm leaflets

A chemically prepared carbon was synthesized from date palm leaflets via sulphuric acid carbonization at 160℃. Adsorption of ciprofloxacin (CIP) from aqueous solution was investigated in terms of time, pH, concentration, temperature and adsorbent status (wet and dry). The equilibrium time was found to be 48 hr. The adsorption rate was enhanced by raising the temperature for both adsorbents, with adsorption data fitting a pseudo second-order model well. The activation energy, E_a, was found to be 17 kJ/mol, indicating a diffusion-controlled, physical adsorption process. The maximum adsorption was found at initial pH 6. The wet adsorbent showed faster removal with higher uptake than the dry adsorbent, with increased performance as temperature increased (25-45℃). The equilibrium data were found to fit the Langmuir model better than the Freundlich model. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. The adsorption mechanism is mainly related to cation exchange and hydrogen bonding.