复合硅酸盐水泥的生命周期评价

掺加大量工业废渣的复合硅酸盐水泥其生产过程对生态环境有重要的影响.因此,本文利用Gabi 4.4软件,对复合硅酸盐水泥进行生命周期评价,比较分析生命周期各生产阶段中的非生物资源耗竭、全球变暖潜值、酸化效应、富营养化、人体毒性及光化学臭氧生成潜力等主要环境影响类型.结果表明,全球变暖潜值是复合硅酸盐水泥环境影响的主要类型,占总环境影响值的71％.环境影响大小顺序依次为全球变暖潜值、酸化效应、非生物资源耗竭、人体毒性、富营养化和光化学臭氧生成潜力.煅烧阶段的环境影响是最严重的,占整个生命周期影响值的68％.各生产阶段环境影响大小顺序依次为煅烧阶段、水泥粉磨、运输阶段、生料制备和原料开采阶段.煅烧阶段的全球变暖潜值、非生物资源耗竭和酸化效应的影响值为水泥生产各阶段最高值;粉磨阶段相比其他阶段具有最高的人体毒性和光化学臭氧生成潜力影响值;运输阶段产生了最高的富营养化污染值.本文对复合硅酸盐水泥的研究,为中国水泥生命周期评价提供了有效的基础数据,同时为推动水泥行业和建筑业的可持续发展提供了科学依据.     

Manufacturing actor’s LCA

Modern industrial environmental management encompasses life-cycle thinking. This entails considering not only the emissions and resource use of the company’s production processes, but also the environmental consequences of all processes related to a product’s life cycle. However, no single actor can influence the whole life cycle of a product. To be effective, analysis methods intended to support improvement actions should therefore also consider the decision makers’ power to influence.Regarding the life cycle of a product, there are at least as many perspectives on life-cycle thinking as there are actors. This paper presents an approach with which manufacturing decision makers can sharpen the focus in life-cycle assessment (LCA) from a conventional ‘products or services’ emphasis to a company’s manufacturing processes. The method has been developed by combining knowledge gained from earlier LCA studies with new empirical findings from an LCA study of an SKF manufacturing line.We demonstrate how system boundaries and functional units in an LCA can be defined when adding the perspective of a manufacturing decision maker to the product life-cycle perspective. Such analysis helps manufacturing decision makers identify improvement potentials in their spheres of influence, by focusing on the environmental consequences of energy and material losses in manufacturing rather than merely accounting for the contributions of individual stages of the life cycle to the overall environmental impact. The method identifies and directly relates the environmental consequences of emissions or raw material inputs in the product life cycle to manufacturing processes. In doing so, the holistic systems perspective in LCA is somewhat diminished in favor of the relevance of results to manufacturing decision makers.     

工业产品生命周期环境成本评估方法初探

产品环境成本内在化是解决其环境问题的一个重要经济手段。生命周期评价方法和传统的会计制度都不能提供产品的环境成本信息。而目前逐渐兴起的环境会计制度也多关注与产品生产直拉相关的环境成本，缺乏全过程的思想，要真正满足可持续发展的需要，就必须开发适于其生命周期环境成本评估的方法。文章在介绍传统的成本划分方法基础上，提出了生命周期环境成本的概念及其评估方法。     

The institutional logic of life cycle thinking

This article considers the role of LCA in environmental management and policy. Organization theory and the social studies of science and technology are drawn on to gain an understanding of LCA as not only an instrumental tool, but also as an emerging institutional logic that influences the way environmental problems, and responsibility for them, are conceptualized. Empirical data from interviews with wholesale-retail purchasers are used to illustrate how the life cycle approach influences economic agents. The article concludes with a discussion of whether the life cycle approach has the power to infuse more responsibility into atomistic and fragmented markets.     

Sustainable development policies in Canada's mining sector: an overview of government and industry efforts

This paper provides an overview of mining sustainable development policy-making in Canada. In addition to documenting the important efforts made by the Canadian government, some of the more recent initiatives undertaken by the Canadian mining industry are highlighted. Following years of sustainable development research and careful planning, the Canadian government finally drafted the national Minerals and Metals Policy of the Government of Canada: Partnerships for Sustainable Development (1996), which sets out the Canadian government's role, objectives, and strategies in areas of jurisdiction for making the concept of sustainable development operational in its mining industry, and seeks to create a legacy that Canadians can pass to future generations. Since its implementation, the primary response of both national mining organizations and selected Canadian mining companies to the challenge of sustainable development has been improved planning, and the development of policies that address key environmental and socioeconomic issues and which build upon the principles addressed in the Minerals and Metals Policy of the Government of Canada. It is concluded that most of the attempts made thus far by both the government and the mining industry to address mining sustainable development through policy-making have been major successes, but further improvements can be achieved if additional industry-government partnerships are formed, more community workshops are held, and selected environmental management practices are researched and developed.     

生命周期评价在工农业生产中的应用研究

生命周期评价是指产品在整个生命周期中对环境的影响、对物质和能源的投入、产出进行汇集、测定的系统方法。从产品生命周期评价的发展过程和技术框架入手,对生命周期评价的意义以及工农业生产中的应用进行探讨,着重阐述了生命周期评价在农业生产、环保工艺、节能减排、清洁生产和环境管理中的应用。并认为生命周期评价应广泛用于环境治理领域,这是解决社会生产发展和环境污染之间矛盾的主要手段。     

Mining life cycle modelling: a cradle-to-gate approach to environmental management in the minerals industry

It is common practise in mining Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies to use a predefined set of data to represent mining production systems. Besides this, very little is added to improve data quality, and essential mining process details which affect the ultimate environmental impacts is rarely taken into account. Some significant omissions include exploration and development work, mining method used, production, ore losses, location and the mining/processing method dependent factors that govern the nature of discharges to the environment. The mining system is often represented as a black-box, not lending itself to the interpretation of different processes used in minerals production. The generic data used are often inadequate for a mining LCA, and cannot be used as an accurate account of mining environmental burdens contributing to more complex systems “down-stream”, such as metals, building, chemical or food industries. Therefore, the main objective of the mining LCA model presented in this paper was to develop a tool that is able to represent the mining system in a comprehensive way. To attain this objective, the mining system was studied in more detail, as it is commonly practised during mine feasibility and design stages. It (LICYMIN) was developed as part of an international research project led by Imperial College London. The model integrates the mine production, processing, waste treatment and disposal, rehabilitation and aftercare stages of a mine's life within an LCA framework. The development work was carried out in collaboration with several industrial partners in Europe, including Bakonyi Bauxitbánya Kft. in Hungary. The model structure, database development and examples of field applications from industrial sites are presented.     

生命周期评价在企业环境管理中的应用

环境管理对于企业的可持续发展起着决定性的作用,生命周期评价作为面向产品系统的新型环境管理工具越来越多地被企业所采用。文章结合中国企业环境管理实际,对所采用的环境管理工具做了分类,详述了生命周期评价的具体应用以及优势。对生命周期评价在未来企业环境管理中的重要作用做了展望。     

基于生命周期评价的船舶环境影响行为研究

运用目前环境管理的一种有效工具——生命周期评价方法（LCA）,探讨船舶在其生命周期内对环境的影响行为。结果表明：船舶生命周期内对环境的影响主要是光化学烟雾,其次是酸化和全球变暖;而在船舶生命周期各个阶段中,营运阶段对各环境类型的贡献最大,原材料制造阶段、运输阶段和船舶制造阶段对环境影响较小。     

Development of a life cycle assessment tool for construction and maintenance of asphalt pavements

The increasing use of recycled materials in asphalt pavements calls for environmental assessment of such impacts as the energy input and CO₂ footprint. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is being accepted by the road industry for such purpose. It aims to quantify and collate all the environmental impacts from the life time of the product or process. This paper reviews relevant LCA resources worldwide, identifies the knowledge gap for the road industry, and describes the development of an LCA model for pavement construction and maintenance that accommodates recycling and up-to-date research findings. Details are provided of both the methodology and data acquisition. This is followed by a discussion of the challenges of applying LCA to the pavement construction practice, and recommendations for further work. In the case study, the model is applied to an asphalt paving project at London Heathrow Terminal-5 (LHR), in which natural aggregates were replaced with waste glass, incinerator bottom ash (IBA) and recycled asphalt pavements (RAP). Production of hot mix asphalt and bitumen was found to represent the energy intensive processes. This is followed by data analysis and sensitivity check. Further development of the model includes expanding the database to accommodate the recycling and maintenance practice in the UK, and taking into account the effect that roadwork has on traffic emissions. The LCA model can be further tested and calibrated as a decision support tool for sustainable construction in the road industry.     

The application of life cycle assessment to design

This paper explores the practical application of life cycle assessment (LCA) to product system development. While life cycle assessment methods have been studied and demonstrated extensively over the last two decades, their application to product design and development has not been critically addressed. Many organizational and operational factors limit the integration of the three LCA components (inventory analysis, impact assessment and improvement assessment) with product development. Design of the product system can be considered a synthesis of individual decisions and choices made by the design team, which ultimately shape the system's environmental profile. The environmental goal of life cycle design is to minimize the aggregate environmental impacts associated with the product system. Appropriate environmental information must be supplied to decision makers throughout each stage of the development process to achieve this goal. LCA can serve as a source of this information, but informational requirements can vary as the design moves from its conceptual phase, where many design choices are possible, to its detailed design and implementation. Streamlined approaches and other tools, such as design checklists, are essential. The practical use of this tool in product development also depends on the nature and complexity of the product system (e.g. new vs. established), the product development cycle (time-to-market constraints), availability of technical and financial resources, and the design approach (integrated vs. serial). These factors will influence the role and scope of LCA in product development. Effective communication and evaluation of environmental information and the integration of this information with cost, performance, cultural and legal criteria will also be critical to the success of design initiatives based on the life cycle framework. An overview of several of these design initiatives will be presented.     

Life cycle assessment to eco-design food products: industrial cooked dish case study

An industrial cooked dish is one of the food products with the most complex agri-food chain. In this study, an eco-design pilot experiment has been performed as a way to develop more efficient and sustainable agri-food products throughout its whole life cycle. To achieve this, a life cycle assessment (LCA) has been carried out to identify and quantify the environmental performance of the production and distribution of a cooked tuna with tomato dish. The most important stages of the life cycle have been established taking into consideration the full environmental impact as well as the potential reductions achievable by the application of various improvements.     

中国生命周期参考数据库的建立方法与基础模型

缺乏完善的本地化LCA(Life Cycle Assessment)数据库是国内广泛开展LCA研究与应用的主要障碍.本文总结提出了建立中国生命周期参考数据库(Chinese Reference Life Cycle Database,CLCD)的基本方法,包括环境影响类型与物质名录的选择、单元过程清单数据的收集与审核、生命周期清单数据的建模与计算、CLCD数据库的建立等4个方面.按照上述方法,以电力、煤炭、燃油、运输等基础性产品为核心,初步建立了可扩展的中国基础工业系统的生命周期模型,收集了单元过程的全国平均清单数据,通过模型计算获得了这些基础性产品的生命周期清单数据,从而得到了CLCD基础数据库,为下一步扩展为更完善的CLCD数据库提供了方法与模型基础.     

面向循环经济的矿产资源开发利用模式

科学的发现与技术进步使一些矿物逐渐变成为人类所利用的资源。矿物的开发利用又为可持续发展的实现提供支持。论文面向循环经济,对经济发展的模式进行了探讨,分析了矿产资源开发利用的循环经济途径,针对矿业的特点,从企业、产业园区、区域3个层次确定了矿产资源的开发利用模式,提出了相应的产业政策。研究认为:①循环经济模式是矿业可持续发展的惟一途径;②矿产资源的开发利用在不同的层次应采取各自的发展模式;③煤炭是我国的主要能源,煤炭资源的循环经济模式可以提高资源的利用率和减少对环境造成的破坏与污染,促进国民经济可持续发展。     

Every product casts a shadow: but can we see it,and can we act on it?

This article presents a conceptual exploration of the use of environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) in environmental product policy. Environmental LCA is a scientific technique for evaluating the potential environmental impacts of a product, process or activity along its physical life cycle, i.e. from raw materials extraction to the disposal of released materials to nature. The utilization of LCA in environmental policy is evaluated here with the use of concepts from the research tradition of social studies of science and technology (SST). Three different ways of using LCA are identified: a definitive approach, a conceptual approach and a facilitative approach. Examples of each approach are presented and discussed. The strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches are analyzed, leading to the tentative conclusion that LCA works better as a conceptual or facilitative instrument than as a tool for gaining definitive support for specific policies. Finally, LCA is discussed as an illustration of the problems inherent in the current cause-oriented, integrative trend in environmental policy.     

铁路运输生命周期评价初探

基于生命周期评价方法,建立了我国铁路运输的生命周期模型,包含电力机车和内燃机车的运行、基础设施建设、上游能源和原料生产等主要过程;采用我国2010年铁路货运统计数据、中国生命周期核心数据库(CLCD)等数据源,通过eBalance软件对铁路运输生命周期的环境影响进行了计算和分析. 归一化分析表明,铁路运输生命周期的主要环境影响类型为富营养化、酸化和可吸入无机物,三者分别占全国相应环境影响类型总量的0.92%、0.70%和0.62%. 对大理—保山段铁路实际建设数据的研究表明,铁路基础设施建设及原材料生产的各项环境影响类型对铁路运输生命周期环境影响的贡献在9.45%(富营养化)～73.55%(非能源资源消耗)之间,影响十分显著. 生命周期节能减排综合评价表明,铁路运输节能减排综合指标的主要贡献来自于初级能耗、NO_x和CO₂,三者分别占ECER(节能减排综合指标值)的30.90%、27.50%和21.60%. 电力机车运输的节能减排效果优于内燃机车运输,其节能减排综合影响比内燃机车低41.91%.      

Integrating the environmental and sustainable development agendas into minerals education

Changing public perceptions of the environmental acceptability of mining and minerals processing facilities have changed the industry and mining schools have started to respond by adding environmental content to their minerals curricula. Proactive and preventive environmental strategies, including Cleaner Production and sustainable development, are preferred but mining and minerals processing companies and mining schools generally have limited know-how in those areas. Vice versa, Cleaner Production specialists generally have limited experience in the mining and minerals processing sectors, and should endeavour to employ their expertise and know-how to address the environmental and sustainable development challenges in those sectors. The critical task for mining schools is to educate environmentally literate graduates who are able to recognise potentially adverse impacts of mining and minerals processing on the environment and to contribute from a sound background in geology, mining or metallurgy, to the characterisation, minimisation and management of these environmental impacts. This paper focuses on integrating the environmental and sustainable development agendas in minerals tertiary education. It highlights trends in employers' recruitment criteria and in minerals curricula, and argues in favour of strengthening the environmental component of minerals curricula. The paper provides a framework for integrating the environmental and sustainable development agendas in minerals tertiary curricula. Integration of environmental aspects into core disciplinary courses, by means such as environmental examples, cases and problem-solving tasks, is critical to make environmental literacy programmes successful.     

动态生命周期评价的研究与应用现状

生命周期评价（LCA）在理论和实际应用中存在一些局限性,包括清单和评价方法缺乏时间维度和空间维度,主要表现为缺乏对产品能源系统随时间变化的考虑,使用静态的过时的清单数据而非基于时间的动态生命周期清单数据,以及影响评价方面缺乏动态特征因子的选择和计算方法.动态生命周期评价（DLCA）是针对工业和环境系统的时间和空间变化的动态建模过程的评价方法,可大大提高传统生命周期评价的科学性和准确性.本文从3个方面对动态生命周期评价方法进行总结和评述,即将时间信息作为不确定因素的动态建模分析;生产过程或污染物排放的实时数据的获取;基于时间分化的动态特征因子的影响评价方法.通过目前的动态生命周期评价的研究现状来看,其方法框架并不统一,另外缺乏科学的时间分化的LCI计算的数学模型和软件以及生命周期影响评价的建模解决方案.因此,本文对DLCA未来的发展进行展望,以期为LCA方法的研究、应用、发展和完善提供更多的支持.     

以晶体硅太阳能电池产业为例的产业生命周期评价初探

面对日益复杂的环境问题和精细化环境管理需求,为了将生命周期评价在产业结构调整、发展方式转变中更好地发挥作用,对在产业层面开展生命周期评价的方法进行了探索研究.产业生命周期评价是在产品生命周期评价的基础上增加了:①基于“可拆解可组合”生态设计理念的功能单位和系统边界确定;②质量评估和数据整合的数据收集过程;③以不确定性分析来验证数据的合理性.选择晶体硅太阳能电池产业进行了产业生命周期评价的案例应用.结果表明:晶体硅太阳能电池产业可分为4个产品单元和11个工艺单元.基于上述产品单元和工艺单元的资源能源投入和污染物排放数据进行收集,在数据质量评估之后通过数据整合形成了产业生命周期数据清单.产业生命周期环境影响主要集中在呼吸系统影响（41.94%）、化石燃料（25.20%）、致癌（14.89%）和气候变化（8.80%）4个环境影响类别;减少环境影响的精准化途径是减少高纯多晶硅、硅片、电池片产品的电耗,组件产品中焊带消耗,硅片产品中的砂浆消耗和组件产品的铝合金边框消耗.蒙特卡洛分析结果显示,高纯多晶硅生命周期评价结果不确定性较高,与数据质量评估的结果较为一致.案例应用结果说明,产品生命周期评价可将生命周期评价从产品层面提升到产业层面,可为国家产业发展提供科学支撑.      

Integration of ECQFD and LCA for sustainable product design

The purpose of this paper is to report a research carried out for ensuring sustainable product design by the integration of environmentally conscious quality function deployment (ECQFD) and life cycle assessment (LCA) approaches. Sustainability refers to the capability of an organization to maximize resource efficiency for ensuring clean and green atmosphere. The sustainable product development model integrated with ECQFD and LCA has been used for ensuring sustainable product design. The implementation study was carried out by gathering data from a single manufacturing organization. The implementation experiences indicated that methodology of sustainable product design is practically feasible and compatible. The findings and contributions of this research would be useful to the majority of the organizations situated in the world.