铁路运输生命周期评价初探

基于生命周期评价方法,建立了我国铁路运输的生命周期模型,包含电力机车和内燃机车的运行、基础设施建设、上游能源和原料生产等主要过程；采用我国2010年铁路货运统计数据、中国生命周期核心数据库(CLCD)等数据源,通过eBalance软件对铁路运输生命周期的环境影响进行了计算和分析. 归一化分析表明,铁路运输生命周期的主要环境影响类型为富营养化、酸化和可吸入无机物,三者分别占全国相应环境影响类型总量的0.92%、0.70%和0.62%. 对大理—保山段铁路实际建设数据的研究表明,铁路基础设施建设及原材料生产的各项环境影响类型对铁路运输生命周期环境影响的贡献在9.45%(富营养化)～73.55%(非能源资源消耗)之间,影响十分显著. 生命周期节能减排综合评价表明,铁路运输节能减排综合指标的主要贡献来自于初级能耗、NO_x和CO₂,三者分别占ECER(节能减排综合指标值)的30.90%、27.50%和21.60%. 电力机车运输的节能减排效果优于内燃机车运输,其节能减排综合影响比内燃机车低41.91%. 

Life Cycle Assessment of Chinese Railway Transportation

Railway transportation is an indispensable component in any life cycle assessment (LCA) study and database, however,, full-length LCA of railway transportation was seldom found in China. Following the ISO-LCA method, a life cycle model of Chinese railway transportation for cargo was developed, which included major life cycle processes such as operation of electric and diesel locomotive, construction of railway, production of major energy carriers and materials. Based on Chinese railway statistics data in 2010, Chinese Core Life Cycle Database (CLCD) and relative research papers, the life cycle of Chinese railway transportation for cargo was analyzed in eBalance software. Normalization analysis showed that eutrophication, acidification and respiratory inorganics were the main environmental impact categories of the rail transportation, accounting for 0.92%, 0.70% and 0.62% of the national total amount respectively. According to the analysis based on actual bill of materials of the railway from Dali City to Baoshan City, the life cycle contribution of railway construction ranged from 9.45% (eutrophication) to 73.55% (resource consumption), which was too large to be neglected in LCA study. According to the weighting method based on Chinese energy conservation and emission reduction targets (ECER method), the overall life cycle impact of electric locomotive transportation was lower than diesel locomotive transportation by 41.91%. This indicated that electric locomotive was superior to diesel locomotive. The analysis of life cycle of Chinese railway transportation provided a basis for the further LCA study of railway transportation. Especially, given the significant contribution of railway construction as indicated, more data on railway construction would be needed for LCA studies.