多环芳烃的光致毒效应

多环芳烃是一类常见的污染物，过去对其毒性的研究集中在生物体内代谢产物的毒效应上，但是近期研究表明紫外光的照射对多环芳烃的毒性有显著性影响，称为ＰＡＨｓ的光致毒效效应。本文介绍了多环芳烃在紫外光照射下的急性光致毒作用，致毒作用发生机理及毒性预测的数学模型，同时探讨了ＰＡＨｓ对紫外光致 性的影响。     

不同高程气溶胶中多环芳烃(PAHs)分布研究

通过对在广东省南海市不高程气溶胶及气溶胶中多环芳烃（ＰＡＨs）的分布研究认为，气 溶胶及气溶胶中的ＰＡＨs来源于地表主干道机动车的排放，优控多环芳烃总量在３次连续 采样中可能由于空气流动状态的差异产生产３种不同的组合类型。研究中发现部分ＰＡＨs的分布出现异常，即采样位置高的样品ＰＡＨs中轻质量、低环数的多环芳烃含量的高于采 样位置低的无序现象。     

大气中颗粒物上多环芳烃在全态中百分比的变化规律

采用聚氨基甲酸乙酯泡沫（ＰＵＤ吸附块和玻璃纤维滤膜（ＧＦ）同时采集气态和颗粒物上的多环芳烃（ＰＡＨＳ）化合物，对居民区和草原清洁区冬季昼夜间歇式采样，用高效液相色谱分析了蒽、芘、苯并（ａ）芘、二苯并（ａ、ｈ）蒽等多环芳烃的含量，并计算出颗粒物上ＰＡＨｓ在全态中的百分含量。结果表明，其百分含量与ＰＡＨｓ化合物的结构以及气温有关。ＰＡＨｓ化合物的环数越多，吸附在颗粒物上的量越多。气温的变化主要影响低环化合物。气温越高，在颗粒物上吸附的量越少。     

多环芳烃在环境中的行为

多环芳烃（ＰＡＨｓ）由于其致癌性和致突变性而受到广泛关注，文中介绍了多不玉烃在环境中的来源，分布和去向，环境中的多环芳烃主要来源于植物合成和化石燃料的燃烧，以往的研究表明多环芳烃在大气，土壤和植物中的浓度分别为１－６１０μｇ／ｍ＾３，１０＾３～１０＾６μｇ／ｋｇ和２０～１０００μｇ／ｋｇ，实验室研究表明某些植物要环境中的多环芳烃，并在植物体内移植，淋洗方法不能有效地除多环芳烃对蔬菜的污染，然而，环     

呼和浩特市大气中多环芳轻的分布规律

本文采用聚氨基甲酸乙酯泡沫吸附块和玻璃纤维滤膜同时采集大气中气态和颗粒物中的多环芳烃。对居民区和草原清洁区分别进行冬夏两季歇式采样，用高效液相色谱测定了蒽，芘，Ｑｕ，苯并（ａ）芘，二苯并（ａ，ｈ）蒽，苯并（ｇｈｉ）等多环芳烃的含量。结果表明，在居民区四环以下的ＰＡＨｓ有一半以上存在于气态中，四环以上的ＰＡＨｓ大部分存在于颗粒物上；夏季每种ＰＡＨｓ在气态中的百分率比冬季高；草原清洁区与居民区ＰＡＨｓ     

毛细管柱GC-FID中的多环芳烃保留指数研究

毛细管柱ＧＣＦＩＤ测定环境样品中的多环芳烃（ＰＡＨｓ），定性是关键。本文在应用ＰＡＨｓ 定性方法—Ｌｅｅ 保留指数体系的基础上，以ＥＰＡ１６ 种优先监测的ＰＡＨｓ 为研究对象，选用一种新的内标物对其改进，用不同极性毛细管柱和不同温度程序条件进行了实验。结果表明，改进型保留指数同Ｌｅｅ 保留指数体系具有可比性，且更实用。     

粉煤灰的多环芳轻在海水中的溶出

用荧光分光光度计测定浸泡煤灰海水中多环芳烃（ＰＡＨｓ）的含量，用反相高效液体色谱紫外检测器／荧光检测器测定海水浸泡前后粉煤灰中多环芳烃。热电厂粉煤灰在海水中２种溶出结果表明，其粉煤灰在海水听静态溶出和吸附可逆，ＰＡＨｓ的溶出极少，热电厂粉煤灰倾倒于海水中溶出的多环芳烃对海洋环境污染甚微。     

粉煤灰的多环芳烃在海水中的溶出

用荧光分光光度计测定浸泡粉煤灰海水中多环芳烃（ＰＡＨｓ）的含量,用反相高效液体色谱紫外检测器／荧光检测器测定海水浸泡前后粉煤灰中多环芳烃。热电厂粉煤灰在海水中２种溶出结果表明,其粉煤灰在海水中的静态溶出和吸附可逆,ＰＡＨｓ的溶出极少。热电厂粉煤灰倾倒于海水中溶出的多环芳烃对海洋环境污染甚微。     

珠江三角洲河流和珠江口表层沉积物中有机污染物研究——多环芳烃和有机氯农药的分布及特征

参照美国ＥＰＡ８０００系列方法及质量保证和质量控制，对江三角洲河流和珠江口的表层沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药进行了分析。结果表明，珠江广州河段及澳门内港的ＰＡＨｓ和有机氯农药含量最高；进入狮子洋水道后，污染物的含量显著减少；珠江口西岩污染物的含量高于东岸；西江表层沉积物中优控制ＰＡＨｓ的含量相对较高。对多环芳烃的来源也作了初步探讨。     

焦化废水处理及废水中有机污染物的测定（Ⅱ）：废水中多环芳烃（PAH）的高效…

本文分析测定焦化废水中多环芳烃（ＰＡＨ）的条件，对苯并（α）芘进行了定性定量分析，比较了进出水的谱图表明活性污泥能够使ＰＡＨ降解。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.