凤眼莲化感物质对铜绿微囊藻、斜生栅藻生长及细胞数相对比例的影响

为探索化感物质在蓝藻水华治理方面的应用潜力,选取在凤眼莲根系分泌物中发现的5种化感物质（亚油酸、亚油酸甘油酯、丙酰胺、N-苯基—2-萘胺和壬酸）,研究了3种剂量下（0.1、1.0、10.0mg.L-1）其对单一、混合培养铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响.结果发现,化感物质成分、剂量和藻类培养方式对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长...     

桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）的抑制作用及其化学基础研究

探讨了托里桉(Eucalyptus torelliana)、尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)、窿缘桉(Eucalyptus exserta)等3种桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)生长的影响,并对其抑制赤潮藻类生长的化学基础进行了研究,以期为新除藻剂的筛选提供参考和依据.结果表明,不同桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻牛长的抑制作用不同.托里桉木粉的抑藻作用明显强于尾叶桉和窿缘桉.灭菌与非灭菌托里桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用差别不大,表明细菌等微生物并非木粉抑藻的主要原因.不同溶剂粗提物对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用不同,丙酮一水粗提物的抑藻活性明显强于乙酸乙酯、甲醇和水粗提物.进一步将丙酮一水粗提物分成A、B、c和D等4个组分,比较不同组分的抑藻活性.结果发现,丙酮-水粗提物中D组分的抑藻作用最强.该组分浓度为3 ms/L时,3 d时对塔玛亚历山大藻的去除率可达81.06%.GC-MS分析表明,D组分中含有4-羟基-3,5,6.三甲基-4-(3-氧代-1-丁烯基).2.环己烯酮和5,6,7,7a-四氢-4,4,7a-三甲基-2(4H)-苯并呋喃酮等酮类物质.这些结果表明,托里桉木粉可显著抑制赤潮藻的生长,其中存在的酮类化感物质可能是其抑制藻类生长的主要原因.     

桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）的抑制作用及其化学基础研究

摘要：探讨了托里桉(Eucalyptus torelliana)、尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla)、窿缘桉(Eucalyptus exserta)等3种桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）生长的影响,并对其抑制赤潮藻类生长的化学基础进行了初步研究,以期为新除藻剂的筛选提供参考和依据。结果表明,不同桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用不同,托里桉木粉的抑藻作用明显强于尾叶桉和窿缘桉。灭菌与非灭菌托里桉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用差别不大,提示细菌等微生物并非木粉抑藻的主要原因。不同溶剂粗提物对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用不同,丙酮-水粗提物的抑藻活性明显强于乙酸乙酯、甲醇和水粗提物。进一步将丙酮-水粗提物分成A、B、C和D等4个组分,比较不同组分的抑藻活性。结果发现,丙酮-水粗提物中D组分的抑藻作用最强。该组分浓度为3 mg/L时,3 d时对塔玛亚历山大藻的去除率可达81.06 %。GC-MS分析表明,D组分中含有4-羟基-3,5,6-三甲基,1-4[(1z)-3-氧代-1-丁烯基]-2-环已烯酮和4,4,7a–三甲基,5,6,7,7a-四氢-2(4H)-苯并呋喃酮等酮类物质。这些结果表明,托里桉木粉可显著抑制赤潮藻的生长,其中存在的酮类化感物质可能是其抑制藻类生长的主要原因。     

玉米秸秆对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响及化学基础研

以塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)为材料,观察了玉米茎秆和玉米叶对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响,比较了灭菌、未灭菌玉米叶的抑藻活性,并对玉米叶抑制藻类生长的化学基础进行了分析,以期为筛选和发现新的高效除藻剂提供思路.结果表明,玉米秸秆能显著抑制塔玛亚历山大藻的生长,玉米叶的抑藻作用强于玉米茎秆.0.5 g/Ｌ的玉米叶对密度为1.69×１０６ 个/L的塔玛亚历山大藻的生长有明显的抑制作用.灭菌、未灭菌玉米叶对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用无明显差别,表明微生物不是玉米秸秆发挥抑藻作用的主要原因.玉米叶不同溶剂粗提物对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用不同,石油醚、二氯甲烷粗提物的抑藻活性明显强于乙酸乙酯和正丁醇粗提物.GC-MS分析结果显示,石油醚、二氯甲烷粗提物中主要含十八碳二烯酸、十八碳三烯酸、棕榈酸等脂肪酸类物质,提示长链脂肪酸可能是玉米秸秆抑藻的主要化学成分.     

玉米秸秆对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响及化学基础研究

以塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)为材料,观察了玉米茎秆和玉米叶对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响,比较了灭菌、未灭菌玉米叶的抑藻活性,并对玉米叶抑制藻类生长的化学基础进行了分析,以期为筛选和发现新的高效除藻剂提供思路.结果表明,玉米秸秆能显著抑制塔玛哑历山大藻的生长,玉米叶的抑藻作用强于玉米茎秆.0.5 g/L玉米叶对密度为1.69×106个/L的塔玛亚历山大藻的生长有明显的抑制作用.灭菌、未灭菌玉米叶对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用无明显差别,表明微生物小是玉米秸秆发挥抑藻作用的主要原因.玉米叶不同溶刺粗提物对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用不同,石油醚、二氯甲烷空粗提物的抑藻活性明显强于乙酸乙酯和正丁醇粗提物.GC-MS分析结果显示.石油醚、二氯甲烷粗提物中主要含十八碳二烯酸、十八碳三烯酸、棕榈酸等脂肪酸类物质,提示长链脂肪酸可能是玉米秸秆抑藻的主要化学成分.     

浒苔提取物对4种赤潮微藻生长的抑制作用

通过测定藻细胞密度和细胞体积,观察藻细胞形态,分析藻细胞内叶绿素、蛋白质和多糖含量等生理指标的变化,研究了浒苔5种溶剂(甲醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、氯仿和石油醚)提取物对前沟藻(Amphidinium hoefleri)、米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimitoi)、塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)生长的抑制作用.结果表明,5种溶剂提取物中,甲醇提取物的抑藻作用最为显著.第10 d,其对前沟藻、米氏凯伦藻、塔玛亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻的生长抑制率依次为54.0%、 48.1%、 44.0%和37.5%.同时发现,各溶剂提取物均能降低藻细胞运动能力.其中,甲醇、丙酮和乙酸乙酯提取物致使大部分藻细胞出现空洞、破碎和细胞色素明显减褪现象;而添加丙酮和乙酸乙酯提取物的部分藻细胞出现抱团现象.此外,乙酸乙酯、氯仿和石油醚提取物明显降低了藻细胞的体积.进一步研究发现,甲醇提取物明显降低了4种微藻细胞内叶绿素、蛋白质和多糖的含量,致使添加甲醇提取物的前沟藻、米氏凯伦藻、塔玛亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻的叶绿素、蛋白质和多糖含量比对照组的相应含量低约51%.其余溶剂提取物同样改变了4种微藻细胞内此3种生理指标的含量,但影响并不显著.在此基础上,采用石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇对甲醇提取物进一步分离,获得4种提取物(石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相、正丁醇相和水相).其中,石油醚相和乙酸乙酯相的抑制作用较强,对4种微藻的生长抑制率超过25%.结果表明,利用甲醇浸泡浒苔可以获得具有明显抑藻活性的粗提物;此粗提物通过进一步的液液分离萃取后,获得2个能抑制4种测试微藻生长的组分.     

溶藻细菌BS03分离、鉴定及其对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响

从福建漳江口红树林区筛选出一株对产贝毒赤潮原因藻——塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamatense)具有强溶藻能力的细菌,命名为BS03,通过生理生化及16S rDNA序列分析对该菌株进行鉴定,并探讨了菌株BS03对塔玛亚历山大藻的溶藻特性和溶藻代谢产物的初步性质.结果发现,菌株BS03属于微泡菌属(Microbulbifer sp.)相似性达99％;对塔玛亚历山大藻的杀藻效果具有一定浓度效应,在一定浓度范围内处理浓度越高,溶藻效果越好;菌株BS03对处于不同生长时期的塔玛亚历山大藻都表现出较好的杀藻效果,其中对处于延滞期的塔玛亚历山大藻表现出最佳的杀藻效果,处理96 h后,抑藻率达98.17％;不同生长期菌株对塔玛亚历山大藻溶藻作用无明显差异;菌株BS03通过间接作用方式溶藻,所分泌的胞外活性物质的分子量小于1 kDa,耐酸碱、具热稳定性,推测为非蛋白质、非核酸和非多糖类物质.     

酚酸类化感物质对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响

探讨了不同浓度酚酸类化感物质香草醛、没食子酸和(+)-儿茶素对赤潮藻-塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandriumtamarense)生长的影响.结果表明,没食子酸和(+)-儿茶素的浓度为4,20,40mg/L时均能有效抑制塔玛亚历山大藻的生长,且具有明显的剂量依赖关系,浓度为40mg/L时,藻的生长被完全抑制.香草醛的浓度为40mg/L时对塔玛亚历山大藻的生长有明显的抑制作用.没食子酸和(+)-儿茶素对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用比香草醛明显,提示香草醛、没食子酸和(+)-儿茶素抑制赤潮生物生长的机制可能与自氧化有关.     

孔石莼水溶性抽提液抑制3种海洋赤潮藻的生长

研究了孔石莼水溶性抽提液对3种赤潮藻(赤潮异弯藻、中肋骨条藻和塔玛亚历山大藻)生长的影响.在实验的前4d内,孔石莼水溶性抽提液(0 25～2 0g·L-1)对各赤潮藻种的生长皆表现出明显的抑制效应,最大抑制效应表现在接种后的第2～3d.各藻种生长受抑制的量随孔石莼水溶性抽提液浓度的增加而增加,当孔石莼水溶性抽提液的浓度达2 0g·L-1时,赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻被完全致死,塔玛亚历山大藻的生长受到强烈抑制.实验后期(5d后),低浓度处理组(0 25～1 0g·L-1)的藻种加速生长,表现为促进效应.经高温处理后的孔石莼水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻的抑制效应完全消失,对塔玛亚历山大藻的抑制效应明显减弱.     

双季铵盐对两种赤潮藻的去除研究

研究了双季铵盐对球形棕囊藻和塔玛亚历山大藻两种赤潮生物的杀灭和控制作用。结果表明,双季铵盐能有效地控制和杀灭球形棕囊藻和塔玛亚历山大藻,其中对球形棕囊藻96h有效浓度为0.8mg·L-1,对塔玛亚历山大藻有效浓度为0.4mg·L-1。双季铵盐具有高效、作用时效长的特点,是一种较理想的赤潮藻去除剂。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.