沉积物对粪固醇的吸附行为研究

采用批量振荡法模拟粪固醇在沉积物-水两相中的迁移,考察了温度、盐度、pH值、浓度对沉积物吸附粪固醇的影响.结果表明,温度升高不利于沉积物对粪固醇的吸附,但有利于粪固醇溶解度的增加;沉积物有机质中亲水性基团向水体中释放,不利于粪固醇的吸附;盐度升高和水体中粪固醇初始浓度增大皆有利于沉积物对粪固醇的吸附;pH值增高或降低皆抑制沉积物对粪固醇的吸附;沉积物中粗胡敏素对粪固醇吸附贡献较大,矿物质对粪固醇吸附贡献较小;温度、盐度、pH值和粪固醇浓度的变化,对粪醇/(粪醇+加氢胆固醇)、粪醇/24-乙基粪醇、粪醇/胆固醇、24-乙基粪醇/谷甾醇、24-乙基粪醇/(24-乙基粪醇+加氢谷甾醇)5个质量比指标的影响较小,其质量比指标可以作为粪便污染的指示物.     

基于PCR-DGGE和拟杆菌(Bacteroides)16S rRNA的岩溶地下水粪便污染来源示踪研究:以重庆南山老龙洞地下河系统为例

岩溶地下水的微生物污染日益严重,其来源的研究得到国际学术界的广泛关注.本研究以重庆南山老龙洞岩溶地下河系统为对象,采用滤膜法监测地下水中的总细菌、大肠杆菌、粪大肠菌及粪链球菌等微生物指标,以拟杆菌(Bacteriodes)为指示细菌,采用PCR-DGGE示踪地下水中大肠杆菌/粪大肠杆菌的来源.结果表明,老龙洞地下河流域各类细菌含量严重超标,总细菌数为10~2.9×10~7CFU·m L~(-1),大肠菌群总数达4.3~4.0×10~5CFU·m L~(-1),其中粪大肠菌群(FC)和粪链球菌(FS)分别最高达到1.1×10~6CFU·(100 m L)~(-1)、1.1×10~5CFU·(100 m L)~(-1);FC/FS多数为2以上,暗示流域地下水受人类粪便影响为主.地下水样和粪便样品的拟杆菌群落的PCR-DGGE比对分析表明地下水与人粪之间相似性为7.1%~69.1%,其中地下河出口处达到69.1%.地下水与猪粪之间相似性为1.1%~53.4%,地下河出口处仅为1.5%.因此,人类粪便为地下河污染的主要来源,猪粪污染为动物粪便污染的一部分,还存在其他动物粪便污染来源.此外,PCR-DGGE产物切胶测序发现大部分Bacteroides为人类肠道或粪便来源的细菌.     

粗胡敏素对粪固醇的吸附及其影响因素

采用批量震荡法模拟粪固醇在粗胡敏素-水两相中的迁移,研究了粪固醇在粗胡敏素上的吸附行为,同时考察了温度、盐度、pH对吸附行为的影响。结果表明:温度升高不利于吸附进行,温度升高可增加粪固醇的溶解度,粗胡敏素中亲水性基团向水中释放都不利于吸附的进行。盐度升高有利于吸附,而pH的改变对吸附影响不大,当pH在10.0左右,粪固醇吸附量最低。正交实验显示,温度、盐度、pH对吸附都有影响,影响顺序依次为:温度>pH>盐度。温度、盐度、pH的改变对粪醇/(粪醇+二氢胆固醇)[5β/(5β+5α)-C27]、粪醇/24-乙基粪醇(Coprostanol/24-ethylcoprostanol)、粪醇/胆固醇(coprostanol/cholesterol)、24-乙基粪醇/谷甾醇(24-ethyl coprostanol/sitosterol)、24-乙基粪醇/(24-乙基粪醇+加氢谷甾醇)[5β/(5β+5α)-C29]5个比值指标影响较小,其比值指标可以作为粪便污染的指示物。     

岩溶地下河系统中有机氯的分布特征与来源分析

选取重庆老龙洞、青木关岩溶地下河为研究对象,采用气相色谱仪-微池电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)分析两条地下河水体中21种有机氯农药(OCPs)的浓度.结果表明,南山地下河中六六六(HCHs)和艾氏剂类化合物(ALDs)是主要检出物,青木关地下河中HCHs和甲氧滴滴涕是主要检出物.南山、青木关地下河中均未检出o,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDE、o,p'-DDD,同时,青木关地下河还未检出o,p'-DDT、狄氏剂,其余OCPs在两条地下河中检出率高达100%.青木关地下河中OCPs浓度范围为145~278 ng·L-1之间,平均值为213 ng·L-1;南山老龙洞地下河中OCPs浓度介于17.7~40.8 ng·L-1之间,平均值为32.7ng·L-1.两条地下河中各OCPs组分表现为地下河出口大于入口.通过对OCPs污染来源分析,发现两地下河流域滴滴涕(DDTs)主要来自于历史上工业DDTs输入,氯丹主要来自于大气沉降.六六六(HCHs)主要来源是林丹的输入,南山地下河属于历史污染,青木关地下河上游的甘家槽有新的HCHs输入.与国内外其他各水体相比,南山地下河水体中HCHs、DDTs浓度处于低水平;青木关下河处于中等偏高水平.结合中外用水卫生标准,发现南山地下河和青木关地下河未超过饮水安全标准.青木关应禁止农田施用有机氯农药,保护地下河生态环境.     

重庆老龙洞地下河流域氮、磷及微生物污染调查研究

随着城镇化不断发展,我国地下水普遍遭受了不同程度的污染,尤其是西南岩溶区地下水是当地重要的水源,一旦遭受污染将很难恢复.本研究选取NO-3、PO34、NH+4和总细菌(total coliform)、大肠杆菌(total E.coli)、粪大肠杆菌(fecal coliform)作为指标,对重庆南山老龙洞流域进行多年来的调查研究.结果表明,老龙洞流域地下水NO-3、NH+4、PO3-4含量均超过天然水规定值,尤其以NH+4、PO3-4污染较为严重.桂花湾泉NO-3含量为19.78~68.55 mg·L-1,有的月份超过了世界卫生组织规定的标准50 mg·L-1.老龙洞出口NH+4、PO3-4含量分别为2.71~12.92 mg·L-1、0.16~11.22 mg·L-1,是污染最重的地下水.老龙洞地下河NO-3含量低于岩溶表层泉,而NH+4、PO3-4含量则高于表层岩溶泉.城镇化的发展、农田减少以及洞内还原环境是导致老龙洞地下河NO-3含量从2008~2013年降低的原因,而高PO3-4含量污水不断输入地下河使得老龙洞地下河PO3-4含量呈增加趋势.微生物污染极为严重,甚至远超过中国地下水和饮用水规定的Ⅴ类标准,以粪大肠菌为例,地下水中其含量波动范围为3.4×104~3.68×104CFU·mL-1.岩溶区由于特殊的水文地质结构,岩溶洼地、天窗、落水洞导致岩溶地下水极易遭受到污染.农业活动、城镇、企业和居民点生产生活排污,是地下水氮、磷和微生物污染的主要来源.     

粪便源指纹及其鉴别研究

利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测了人和32种动物粪便中以及5个不同排污口表层沉积物中10种粪固醇,以10种粪固醇含量和9个粪固醇比值为指标,分别应用层次聚类分析法对人和32种动物粪便以及5个沉积物的粪便污染来源进行了鉴别,结果表明:草食动物粪便中主要含C29-甾醇,5β-甾醇比5α-甾醇含量多,草食动物粪便的主要指示物是24-乙基粪醇和谷甾醇;肉食动物粪便中主要含C27-甾醇,胆固醇是肉食动物的主要指示物;杂食粪便中粪固醇组成多变;人粪便中主要含粪醇,占总粪固醇的51.5%;应用10种粪固醇含量和9个粪固醇比值以及层次聚类分析法,可以准确地鉴别人和32种动物粪便以及5个沉积物样品的粪便污染来源。     

西南典型岩溶地下河系统水文地球化学特征对比:以重庆市青木关、老龙洞为例

为探究不同土地利用类型和人类活动方式下西南典型岩溶地下河的水文地球化学特征,以地质背景相似的重庆青木关和老龙洞地下河为例,从月动态、单场降雨动态两个尺度,利用独立样本t检验、主成分分析(PCA)等方法对两岩溶地下河出口姜家泉、老龙洞的水文地球化学特征及其影响因素进行对比研究.结果表明,姜家泉与老龙洞的Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-、Mg~(2+)、K~+、NO_3~-、Na~+、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-、电导率等差异显著,姜家泉K+、NO-3的月动态变化幅度和浓度均值大于老龙洞,Na~+、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-的月动态变化幅度和浓度均值则小于老龙洞.由PCA分析可知,水-岩作用对两岩溶地下河水的水化学特征及变化都起重要作用,但青木关主要受农业活动影响,老龙洞则主要受城镇活动、工业活动影响.由于人类活动影响方式和程度的差异,两岩溶地下河对单场降雨的响应也不同,姜家泉各指标变化与流量变化高度一致,老龙洞各指标的变化相对无序.青木关水化学特征的动态变化受水土流失、农业活动影响较大,水-岩作用次之.老龙洞则主要受到水-岩作用的影响,受城镇活动、工业活动、水土流失作用的影响也较明显.     

青木关地下河中溶解态甾醇来源及迁移、转化特征

为阐述溶解态甾醇在地下河中的来源及迁移、转化过程和对水质状况评价,2013年7~11月在青木关地下河入口处、出露处和出口处进行定期采样,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对样品中溶解态甾醇的组分进行定量分析.结果表明,7~11月溶解态甾醇的平均含量变化为415~629 ng·L-1,随月份的增加地下河中溶解态甾醇的含量呈下降的趋势;从地下河入口至地下河出口溶解态甾醇的平均含量变化为724~374 ng·L-1;豆甾醇/胆固醇的平均比值变化为0.29~0.12,随地下河运移距离的增加二者的值均呈下降的趋势.成分组成上以胆固醇含量占优势,约占总含量的37.30%~94.85%,但各月组成变化较大.粪醇/胆固醇、粪醇/甾醇总量的比值均小于0.2,表明没有受到生活污水的污染,但随月份的增加二者比值大致呈增加的趋势.     

降雨期间岩溶城镇区地下河水重金属变化特征及来源解析

2014年6月降雨期间对重庆城镇区南山老龙洞流域地下河出口处的流量及Mn、Pb、Cu、As等重金属质量浓度进行观测,研究了流量的变化特征及岩溶水文系统内部结构,探讨了4种重金属对降雨的响应,用主成分分析法和实际测试值来解译降雨期间地下河水的重金属来源.结果表明,地下河流量、Mn、Pb、Cu和As对降雨响应迅速,推断研究区属于一个管道与裂隙组合的岩溶水文系统;非渗透地表产流迅速,其携带的地表污染物质Mn、Pb、Cu通过落水洞、竖井及岩溶天窗进入地下河,使这些污染物质在最大降雨量峰值的6 h后达到最大质量浓度峰值,较流量最大峰值提前到来;城市地表径流、水土流失是老龙洞地下河Mn、Pb、Cu、As的主要来源,洞穴滴水和雨水也会输入一定量的Mn、Pb和As;岩溶区的城镇建设要进行合理规划,完善相关基础设施,做到从源头上防止地下水遭受污染.     

城市化进程对地下河中溶解态正构烷烃来源的影响

为了探明城市化进程影响下地下河溶解态正构烷烃(D-ALK)的组分特征,于2014年11月至2015年4月,分别对受不同程度城市化进程影响的老龙洞与青木关两条地下河出口(老龙洞口、姜家泉)进行采样,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GCMS)对样品中的D-ALK进行定量分析.结果表明,两地D-ALK碳数分布均为n C14~n C35.其中,姜家泉中的溶解态正构烷烃总量(DT-ALK)为102~356 ng·L~(-1),平均值为230 ng·L~(-1).2014年12月、2015年1月和4月,其正构烷烃碳数分布的峰型均为"单峰-前锋"型;LMH/HMH(n C-21/n C+22)为2.0~10;在n C14~n C25内碳优势指数(CPI14~25)为0.19~0.57,主碳峰均为C16(C_(max)16).2014年11月、2015年2月与3月,其碳数分布呈"双峰"形态,LMH/HMH与CPI14~25均小于1且C_(max)16;CPI24~35为1.2~23,C_(max)31或C_(max)33;Paq分别为0.2、0.7和0.1.其中,2014年11月与2015年3月的烷烃指数(AI)分别为0.95和0.98.老龙洞出口中的DT-ALK为110~697 ng·L~(-1),平均值为310 ng·L~(-1);各月碳数分布均呈现"单峰-前峰"峰型且C_(max)16,CPI14~25小于1.在旱季,由于受到不同人为活动的综合影响,以微生物输入为主的老龙洞中的溶解态正构烷烃在含量和组分的稳定性方面均大于以微生物和微生物、植物混合输入为主的姜家泉.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.