Frequency of decompression illness among recent and extinct mammals and “reptiles”: a review

The frequency of decompression illness was high among the extinct marine “reptiles” and very low among the marine mammals. Signs of decompression illness are still found among turtles but whales and seals are unaffected. In humans, the risk of decompression illness is five times increased in individuals with Patent Foramen Ovale; this condition allows blood shunting from the venous circuit to the systemic circuit. This right-left shunt is characteristic of the “reptile” heart, and it is suggested that this could contribute to the high frequency of decompression illness in the extinct reptiles.     

蓄水式花台（盘）的机遇和优势

分析了目前的环境保护形势和要求,阐述了蓄水式花台（盘）（专利号：ZL200920111891．2）技术应用的机遇,以及在应用过程中应注意的问题。     

Improvement of fuel injection system of locomotive diesel engine

The traditional locomotive diesels are usually designed for the performance of rated condition and much fuel will be consumed. A new plunger piston matching parts of fuel injection pump and injector nozzle matching parts were designed. The experimental results of fuel injection pump test and diesel engine show that the fuel consumption rate can be decreased a lot in the most of the working conditions. The forced lubrication is adopted for the new injector nozzle matching parts, which can reduce failure rate and increase service life. The design has been patented by Chinese State Patent Office.     

Do recent US Supreme Court rulings on patenting of genes and genetic diagnostics affect the practice of genetic screening and diagnosis in prenatal and reproductive care?

Thousands of patents have been awarded that claim human gene sequences and their uses, and some have been challenged in court. In a recent high-profile case, Association for Molecular Pathology, et al. v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., et al., the US Supreme Court ruled that genes are natural occurring substances and therefore not patentable through ‘composition of matter’ claims. The consequences of this ruling will extend well beyond ending Myriad's monopoly over BRCA testing and may affect similar monopolies of other commercial laboratories for tests involving other genes. It could also simplify intellectual property issues surrounding genome-wide clinical sequencing, which can generate results for genes covered by intellectual property. Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for common aneuploidies using cell-free fetal (cff) DNA in maternal blood is currently offered through commercial laboratories and is also the subject of ongoing patent litigation. The recent Supreme Court decision in the Myriad case has already been invoked by a lower district court in NIPT litigation and resulted in invalidation of primary claims in a patent on currently marketed cffDNA-based testing for chromosomal aneuploidies. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Zur Erfassung von Forschungs- und Entwicklungstätigkeit durch Patente

Although there exists a close causal relationship between R&D and patents the attempt to establish a real connection suffers from certain difficulties. By means of specific methods a correlation between patent applications and R&D expenditure could be achieved at the national economic level. A previously developed concordance between the International Patent Classification and the systematics of sectors of the economy opens the possibility for a more differentiated analysis of the relationship between R&D and patents.     

浅议环境法的绿色专利

人们通常强调新颖性和经济效用的一个创新,而忽略了对环境造成的影响。这一思想体现到制度设计专利制度。一般来说,如果能够通过三个条件：新颖性、实用性和创新性,可授予专利。这种制度设计制约思维过程中创新者的回报,他们努力发明一件新颖的且有利可图的专利,但是忽略了对环境造成的影响。因此,牺牲的最终是环境。在这项研究中,试图探索一种体制上的补救。在为了改变科技发展的方向,建议完善政策背景下的创新,特别是专利制度。引进一个新的考核标准,绿色专利制度,并探讨其可行性和可能带来的影响。通过把这项环保的关注到专利审查,专利制度可以鼓励创新发明的＂创新,实用和绿色＂的产品以及程序,称之为＂绿色专利＂。     

Reuse of printing and dyeing wastewater in processess assessed by pilot-scale test using combined biological process and sub-filter technology

In this work, a pilot-scale (300 m³/d) wastewater reclamation system was tested for printing and dyeing wastewater treatment from a textile factory. The wastewater was first hydrolyzed under anoxic condition, and then was treated under aerobic condition. Biologically treated wastewater was filtered by sub-filter technology (Patent: CN1308024A). The results showed that the average concentration of CODcr, color and turbidity in the effluent were less than 50 mg/L, 10 times and 2 NTU, respectively. The average CODcr, color and turbidity removal efficiencies were 91%, 92.5% and 90.9%, respectively. The treated effluent quality satisfied the requirement of water quality for printing and dyeing process. The most attracting part of the work was its extremely low color, low turbidity, low concentration of Fe and Mn, which was always demanded in textile sectors for an improved finish and better quality dyeing.     

Study of cyanide removal from contaminated water using zinc peroxide nanomaterial

The present study highlights the potential application of zinc peroxide(ZnO_2)nanomaterial as an efficient material for the decontamination of cyanide from contaminated water. A process patent for ZnO_2 synthesis has been granted in United States of America(US Patent number 8,715,612; May 2014),South Africa,Bangladesh,and India. The ZnO_2 nanomaterial was capped with polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP)to control the particle size. The PVP capped ZnO_2nanomaterial(PVP-ZnO_2)before and after adsorption of cyanide was characterized by scanning electron microscope,transmission electron microscope,X-ray diffractometer,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry. The remaining concentration of cyanide after adsorption by PVP-ZnO_2 was determined using ion chromatograph. The adsorption of cyanide over PVP-ZnO_2 was also studied as a function of p H,adsorbent dose,time and concentration of cyanide. The maximum removal of cyanide was observed in p H range 5.8–7.8 within 15 min. The adsorption data was fitted to Langmuir and Fruendlich isotherm and it has been observed that data follows both the isotherms and also follows second order kinetics.     

羌药资源及其分布规律的研究

经调查鉴定，羌族民间常用药有２２５种，来源于１０３科２３６属，包括植物药２０４种，隶属于９３科２２２属；动物药１７种，隶属于１０科１４属；矿物药４种。发现四川省分布新记录种５种，并择其重要种类介绍了羌药的分布规律、新资源及其开发研究前景。     

重庆的国家重点保护植物研究

基于《中国植物红皮书》第一、二册名录，重庆有国家重点保护植物７７种，隶属于４７科，７１属。根据第一批公布的国家重点保护植物，重庆有５２种４９属３２科；其中一级５种，二级２４种，三级２３种，濒危６种，稀有２１种，渐危２５种。水平分布有三个中心，即大巴山南缘地区、武陵山区、大娄山北缘地区。论文最后提出了珍稀濒危植物的保护措施。     

中小型反渗透系统处理高硬度水操作参数的优化

中小规模反渗透(RO)系统处理高硬度水时往往采用投加阻垢剂、降低回收率来减少碳酸钙在膜上结垢的风险,该系统操作参数主要是阻垢剂投加量和系统回收率。目前许多反渗透系统是凭借经验或生产厂家的建议来确定这2个参数,缺少科学、快速的求解方法。就这2个参数的确定提出了便捷办法。     

四川森林药用真菌资源及生态类型

四川森林药用真菌种类资源丰富,广泛分布于亚热带、温带和寒温带森林内。已知81种、52属、25科,其中担子菌占总数的90.1％,子囊菌9.9％。依其药用功效分为12类,其抑制肿瘤的效果尤引人们重视。 就繁殖生长的基质而言,四川森林药用真菌可分5个生态类群,即木生性40种,竹生性5种,土生性14种,虫生性5种和菌根性17种,并划分若干生态类型。根据生态习性,为人工栽培和试验提供依据。     

城市固体废弃物的压缩性及填埋场容量分析

总结了城市固体废弃物(MSW)中有机质的分解规律，提出了填埋体中有机质随时间(深度)变化的公式，并用现场测试结果进行了验证．进行了大尺寸的MSW室内压缩试验，通过现场取样获得了MSW原位压缩曲线．在此基础上提出了考虑荷载和有机质降解作用的填埋场容量计算方法．定量分析了有机质分解速度对填埋场的容量的影响．通过计算发现，当降解速率到达0．1／a这一量级时，有机质的降解能够有效地增加填埋场的容量．     

室内甲醛含量变化影响因素分析

室内装修的普及造成有害气体严重超标。介绍了装修造成的室内空气污染物的种类及对人体健康的危害,比较了装修后首要空气污染物——甲醛目前常见的检测方法的优缺点,着重分析了影响甲醛含量变化的因素,提出有效、可行的室内空气污染防治对策。     

深圳市环境影响评价有效性评估

在总结国内外环境影响评价(EIA)有效性研究的基础上．提出EIA有效性评估的指标体系、分级标准和评估方法。选取1995～2002年间完成的80本环境影响报告书(EIS)对深圳市EIA有效性进行评估。研究结果表明：深圳市EIA有效性指数偏低,有效性一般．EIA制度在发挥积极作用的同时,存在制度体系有待完善、法律法规执行不够严格、评价人员专业素质有待提高等问题。最后提出改进EIA有效性的建议和需要进一步探讨的问题。     

The energy-environment nexus: aerosol science and technology enabling solutions

Energy issues are important and consumption is slated to increase across the globe in the future. The energy-environment nexus is very important as strategies to meet future energy demand are developed. To ensure sustainable growth and development, it is essential that energy production is environmentally benign. There are two temporal issues—one that is immediate, and needs to address the environmental compliance of energy generation from fossil fuel sources; and second that is the need to develop newer alternate and more sustainable approaches in the future. Aerosol science and technology is an enabling discipline that addresses the energy issue over both these time scales. The paper is a review of aspects of aerosol science and engineering that helps address carbon neutrality of fossil fuels. Advanced materials to meet these challenges are discussed. Future approaches to effective harvesting of sunlight that are enabled by aerosol studies are discussed.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

原子荧光光度法同时测定土壤中砷、硒含量研究

土壤中砷和硒的测定有多种方法,一般对两种元素含量进行单独测定,过程比价繁琐,不利于批量分析。本文提出了一种可同时测定土壤中砷、硒含量的方法,该方法采用盐酸和高氯酸一次消解土样,用原子荧光光度法同时测定土壤中的砷、硒,具有操作简便、测定结果准确等特点。     

泄漏检测与维修技术在芳烃抽提装置的应用研究

采用泄漏检测与维修（ LDAR）技术进行了全面检测和统计分析，分析泄漏的原因并通过维修减少泄漏。结果表明：芳烃抽提装置容易泄漏的元件主要为连接件和阀门，主要分布在泵区；SV≥5000μmol／mol的泄漏密封点占总密封点数的0.57％，对总泄漏量的贡献达到了82％，是造成泄漏排放的主要部分。设备管阀件泄漏造成的加工损失率为0.0009％，泄漏点停工维修修复率为83％，停工维修后整体泄漏率为0.03％；VOCs减排率为71％。     

中国喀喇昆仑山珍稀濒危植物及特有种的生态地理分布

论文通过野外调查,对喀喇昆仑山区珍稀濒危植物及特有种的生态地理分布进行研究,结果表明：区内珍稀濒危植物共计34种,隶属15科18属,其中,国家重点保护野生植物16种,新疆重点保护野生植物18种;区内特有植物12科24属32种,其中,新疆特有种30种,西藏特有种2种;部分新疆特有种分布区呈趋异变化,昆仑独行菜（Lepidium kunlunshanicum G. L. Zhou et Z. X. An）、黄花点地梅（Androsace flavescens Maxim.）、密穗早熟禾（Poa spiciformis D.F.Cui）分布区扩展至西藏,绿叶柳（Salix metaglauca C. Y. Yang）、昆仑方枝柏（Sabina centrasiatica Kom）、阿克赛钦雪灵芝（Arenaria aksayqingensis L. H. Zhou）分布区缩减呈现濒危;研究区珍稀濒危及特有种水平分布以塔什库尔干县为中心,自西北向东南渐少。垂直分布集中于海拔 3 000~4 500 m的范围,且以多年生草本为主,兼具灌木和乔木类型。