北京市生活垃圾转运站耗能和排污特征及其影响因素分析

利用实际调研得到的北京市生活垃圾转运站2009～2011年3 a平均数据,从垃圾回收量、渗沥液产量、耗水量、耗电量这4个方面分析北京市生活垃圾转运站耗能排污特征及其影响因素,并对分选转运站及压缩转运站的综合耗能排污情况进行了分析.结果表明,北京市不同生活垃圾转运站的耗能排污情况差别很大,单位垃圾回收垃圾量约为12.9 kg·t-1,单位垃圾渗沥液产量约为5.8～49.0 kg·t-1,单位垃圾耗水量约为40.3～156.7 kg·t-1,单位垃圾耗电量约为1.75～5.60 kWh.t-1.虽然分选转运站综合耗能和排污较多,但分选转运站将部分垃圾回收,使垃圾减量化资源化,并将垃圾分为不同物料运往不同垃圾处理场,实现垃圾的优化处理,减轻了垃圾卫生填埋场的负担,延长填埋场的使用期限.     

Effect of illumination on the hydrogen-production capability of anaerobic activated sludge

To investigate the influence of illumination on the fermentative hydrogen production system, the hydrogen production efficiencies of two kinds of anaerobic activated sludge (floc and granule) from an anaerobic baffled reactor were detected under visible light, dark and light-dark, respectively. The 10 mL floc sludge or granular sludge was respectively inoculated to 100 mL diluted molasses (chemical oxygen demand of 8000 mg·L⁻¹) in a 250 mL serum bottle, and cultured for 24 h at 37°C under different illumination conditions. The results showed that the floc was more sensitive to illumination than the granule. A hydrogen yield of 19.8 mL was obtained in the dark with a specific hydrogen production rate of 3.52 mol·kg⁻¹MLVSS·d⁻¹ (floc), which was the highest among the three illumination conditions. Under dark condition, the hydrogen yield of floc sludge reached the highest with the specific hydrogen production rate of 3.52 mol·kg⁻¹MLVSS·d⁻¹, and under light-dark, light, the specific hydrogen production rate was 3.11 and 2.21 mol·kg⁻¹MLVSS·d⁻¹, respectively. The results demonstrated that the illumination may affect the dehydrogenase activity of sludge as well as the activity of hydrogen-producing acetogens and then impact hydrogen production capacity.     

Continuous biohydrogen production from diluted molasses in an anaerobic contact reactor

An anaerobic contact reactor (ACR) system comprising a continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with settler to decouple the hydraulic retention time (HRT) from solids retention time (SRT) was developed for fermentative hydrogen production from diluted molasses by mixed microbial cultures. The ACR was operated at various volumetric loading rates (VLRs) of 20–44 kgCOD·m⁻³·d⁻¹ with constant HRT of 6 h under mesophilic conditions of 35°C. The SRT was maintained at about 46–50 h in the system. At the initial VLR of 20 kgCOD·m⁻³·d⁻¹, the hydrogen production rate dropped from 22.6 to 1.58 L·d⁻¹ as the hydrogen was consumed by the hydrogentrophic methanogen. After increasing the VLR to 28 kgCOD·m⁻³·d⁻¹ and discharging the sludge for 6 consecutive times, the hydrogentrophic methanogens were eliminated, and the hydrogen content reached 36.4%. As the VLR was increased to 44 kgCOD·m⁻³·d⁻¹, the hydrogen production rate and hydrogen yield increased to 42.1 L·d⁻¹ and 1.40 mol H₂·molglucose-consumed-1, respectively. The results showed that a stable ethanoltype fermentation that favored hydrogen production in the reactor was thus established with the sludge loading rate (SLR) of 2.0–2.5 kgCOD·kgMLVSS⁻¹·d⁻¹. It was found that the ethanol increased more than other liquid fermentation products, and the ethanol/acetic acid (mol/mol) ratio increased from 1.27 to 2.45 when the VLR increased from 28 to 44 kgCOD·m⁻³·d⁻¹, whereas the hydrogen composition decreased from 40.4% to 36.4%. The results suggested that the anaerobic contact reactor was a promising bioprocess for fermentative hydrogen production.     

城市污泥不同处理处置工艺路线碳排放比较

随着碳中和目标的提出，城市污泥高效资源化利用成为研究热点，为从碳排放角度对污泥处理处置技术路线进行科学比较，对4种典型污泥处理处置路线进行碳核算.基于联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)提供的方法，结合我国污泥特性，以每t干污泥(DS)为核算对象，核算边界从污泥浓缩开始，到最终作为产品输出或能量回收为止，分为直接排放、间接排放和碳补偿这3种类型计算总碳排放量.结果表明R4路线(重力浓缩+热水解+厌氧消化+板框压滤脱水+运输+土地利用)总碳排放量(以CO₂/DS计，下同)为99.41 kg·t^-1,是最为低碳的污泥处理处置工艺路线，若避免其厌氧消化CH₄逸散排放，该路线现阶段已能够实现碳中和.对碳排放量较大单元，如热干化1 049.24 kg·t^-1,深度脱水960.99 kg·t^-1,卫生填埋786.24 kg·t^-1,焚烧635.52 kg·t^-1,好氧堆肥614.17 kg·t^-1,热水解544.67 ...     

低温条件下分流式侧流-AAO工艺污水处理及同步污泥减量效果研究

当前剩余污泥产量巨大及低温条件下运行不稳定是城市污水处理厂活性污泥技术面临的主要挑战和制约.基于此,本文通过向厌氧-缺氧-好氧(AAO)系统中的污泥回流系统引入分流式侧流厌氧系统,以实现强化污水处理和同步污泥减量的目标.结果发现,当侧流分流比例为30%时,分流式侧流-AAO系统能够实现最好的污泥减量效果,污泥累计排放量减少18.43%,污泥表观产率下降19.70%;并且分流式侧流-AAO系统的COD、氨氮和总氮去除效率分别为88.56%、83.12%和71.60%,均略高于AAO系统.同时该条件下,分流式侧流-AAO系统能够在51 d后实现良好的总磷去除效率,并维持出水TP浓度稳定在0.50 mg·L,而AAO系统则需要93 d后才能实现稳定的总磷去除效果.在适当的分流比条件下,分流式侧流厌氧池内能够实现TN的有效去除,可以作为提升水处理系统脱氮能力的潜在手段.     

污水处理厂不同工艺的污泥脱水效能分析及其影响因素研究

污泥脱水是污泥减量的主要手段,直接影响到后续污泥处理处置.本研究以北京某大型污水处理厂A2/O工艺和A2/O-MBR工艺污泥脱水为对象,基于2013年全年的运行数据,分析不同工艺的污泥脱水效果、絮凝剂投配率、污泥脱水电耗和污泥脱水成本,并通过冗余分析(RDA)研究了不同污水处理工艺污泥脱水性能的影响因素.结果表明,污泥脱水性能和絮凝剂投配率均呈现季节性变化特征,冬季污泥较难脱水,絮凝剂消耗大.A2/O-MBR工艺的脱水污泥含水率年均值为(81.92±1.64)%,A2/O工艺为(82.56±1.35)%,污泥脱水絮凝剂消耗(以DS计,下同)分别为(8.70±7.25)kg·t-1和(7.42±2.96)kg·t-1,电耗(以DS计,下同)分别为331.82 k W·h·t-1和121.57 k W·h·t-1.A2/O-MBR工艺的污泥脱水絮凝剂成本(以DS计,下同)为204.76元·t-1,用电成本为231.61元·t-1;A2/O工艺的污泥脱水絮凝剂成本为175.00元·t-1,用电成本为84.86元·t-1.RDA分析表明,水温等季节性因素引起污泥有机质变化是影响污泥脱水性能的关键因素之一,此外,污泥龄也与污泥脱水性能有一定相关性.     

废铁屑强化污泥厌氧消化产甲烷可行性分析

有关全球气候变化的《巴黎协定》落槌,预示着污水处理追求碳中和运行的时代已经来临.碳中和狭义理解即能源自给自足,这就要求污水处理厂应最大程度转化污水中有机物或产生的剩余污泥所蕴含的有机能源,并将其生成可再生能源——甲烷.然而,剩余污泥能源转化率较低一直都是限制厌氧消化技术广为应用的瓶颈.在污泥预处理技术之外,向厌氧消化系统中投加废铁屑强化甲烷生产有望成为另一个提高能源转化率的突破口,继而实现"以废促能、变废为宝"的目的.本综述从铁腐蚀析氢现象入手,在描述铁腐蚀析氢原理、析出H2对产CH4过程影响的基础上,对铁在厌氧系统ORP减少方面的作用、对厌氧微生物生理、生化特性的影响、对涉及微生物酶活的影响等进行了全面的介绍.最后,还通过生命周期评估(LCA)评价了基于废铁屑的污泥厌氧消化技术对环境的影响及经济合理性.     

基于厌氧膜生物反应器的剩余污泥-餐厨垃圾厌氧共消化性能

采用厌氧膜生物反应器(anaerobic membrane bioreactor,AnMBR)进行剩余污泥与餐厨垃圾的共消化,研究其有机物的去除特性、产气性能和微生物群落组成等运行性能.结果表明,反应器运行过程中有机负荷(organic loading rate,OLR,以VS计)稳定在0.59～0.64 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),挥发性固体(volatile solids,VS)降解率由单消化17.5%上升至共消化40%,COD截留率为95.3%.消化液含固率提高了3.9倍,最终CH_4体积分数稳定在60%,CH_4产量(以COD_(added)计)为78.7 mL·g~(-1).跨膜压差(transmembrane pressure,TMP)和平均Flux分别维持在-3.1～-2.7 kPa和0.106 L·(m~2·h)~(-1),膜污染较轻.16S rRNA微生物多样性分析表明,AnMBR内部厌氧消化细菌主要是Proteobacteria(变形菌门)、Bacteroidetes(拟杆菌门)和Cloacimonetes(阴沟单胞菌门),产甲烷菌中的优势菌科为Methanobacterium(甲烷杆菌科),优势菌属为Methanosaeta(甲烷鬃毛菌属)和Methanolinea(甲烷绳菌属).这将为AnMBR处理污泥及其它高含固率废物流的稳定性和运行性能研究提供有力的理论参考依据,进而为生物质资源化和能源危机提供有效解决途径.     

Co-fermentation of waste activated sludge with food waste for short-chain fatty acids production: effect of pH at ambient temperature

Effect of pH ranging from 4.0 to 11.0 on cofermentation of waste activated sludge (WAS) with food waste for short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production at ambient temperature was investigated in this study. Experimental results showed that the addition of food waste significantly improved the performance of WAS fermentation system, which resulted in the increases of SCFAs production and substrate reduction. The SCFAs production at pH 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0 and fermentation time of 4 d was respectively 5022.7, 6540.5, 8236.6, and 7911.7 mg COD·L⁻¹, whereas in the blank tests (no pH adjustment, pH 8.0 (blank test 1), no food waste addition, pH 8.0 (blank test 2), and no WAS addition (blank test 3)) it was only 1006.9, 971.1, and 1468.5 mg COD·L⁻¹, respectively. The composition of SCFAs at pH from 6.0 to 9.0 was also different from other conditions and propionic acid was the most prevalent SCFA, which was followed by acetic and n-butyric acids, while acetic acid was the top product under other conditions. At pH 8.0 a higher volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction of 16.6% for the mixture of WAS and food waste than the sole WAS indicated a synergistic effect existing in fermentation system with WAS and food waste. The influence of pH on the variations of nutrient content was also studied during anaerobic fermentation of the mixture of WAS and food waste at different pH conditions. The release of NH₄⁺-N increased with fermentation time at all pH values investigated except 4.0, 5.0 and in blank test one. The concentrations of soluble phosphorus at acidic pHs and in the blank test one were higher than those obtained at alkaline pHs. Ammonia and phosphorus need to be removed before the SCFAs-enriched fermentation liquid from WAS and food waste was used as the carbon source.     

Influence of aeration intensity on the performance of A/O-type sequencing batch MBR system treating azo dye wastewater

Among the numerous parameters affecting the membrane bioreactor (MBR) performance, the aeration intensity is one of the most important factors. In the present investigation, an anoxic/aerobic-type (A/O-type) sequencing batch MBR system, added anoxic process as a pretreatment to improve the biodegradability of azo dye wastewater, was investigated under different aeration intensities and the impact of the aeration intensity on effluent quantity, sludge properties, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) amount generated as well as the change of permeation flux were examined. Neither lower nor higher aeration intensities could improve A/O-type sequencing batch MBR performances. The results showed 0.15 m³·h⁻¹ aeration intensity was promising for treatment of azo dye wastewater under the conditions examined. Under this aeration intensity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen and color removal as well as membrane flux amounted to 97.8%, 96.5%, 98.7% and 6.21 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹, respectively. The effluent quality, with 25.0 mg·L⁻¹COD, 0.84 mg·L⁻¹ ammonium nitrogen and 8 chroma, could directly meet the reuse standard in China. In the meantime, the sludge relative hydrophobicity, the bound EPS, soluble EPS and EPS amounts contained in the membrane fouling layer were 70.3%, 52.0 mg·g⁻¹VSS, 38.8 mg·g⁻¹VSS and 90.8 mg·g⁻¹VSS, respectively, which showed close relationships to both pollutant removals and membrane flux.     

冬季污泥堆肥过程温室气体排放特征

污泥堆肥处理是一种简便高效的污泥稳定化技术,但堆肥过程产生的温室气体也引起了国内外的广泛关注,我国关于污泥堆肥,特别是低温环境下的堆肥温室气体排放特征研究和基础数据还很缺乏.本实验采用城市脱水污泥,考察低温环境条件下不同调理剂混合污泥堆肥过程中温室气体的排放特征.结果表明,低温环境条件下污泥堆肥能够顺利进行,但高温期持续时间相对较短而腐熟期温度降低过快.木屑处理的总氮损失低于秸秆处理,然而温室气体总排放当量却高于秸秆处理,木屑和秸秆处理总的CO2排放当量(以干污泥计)分别为169.45 kg·t~(-1)、133.13 kg·t~(-1).木屑与秸秆CH_4累积排放量(以干污泥计)分别为0.648 kg·t~(-1)、0.689 kg·t~(-1),N_2O累积排放量(以干污泥计)分别为0.486 kg·t~(-1)、0.365 kg·t~(-1).CH_4的排放75%以上集中在堆肥前2周,而N_2O则90%以上出现在后腐熟期.整体而言,冬季堆肥高温期持续时间相对较短而腐熟期温度低,出现CH_4排放量相对较低而N_2O较高的现象,CH_4排放量均低于IPCC推荐值,N_2O则均高于IPCC推荐值.因此针对低温环境堆肥工艺,温室气体的减排应重点关注堆肥后期N_2O排放的降低策略.     

厌氧氨氧化微生物颗粒化及其脱氮性能的研究

利用厌氧颗粒污泥作为种泥,启动SBR反应器,旨在培养厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥以及研究其脱氮性能.结果表明,水力停留时间(HRT)是富集厌氧氨氧化微生物的1个重要控制因素,以HRT为30 d,第58 d时,SBR反应器就出现厌氧氨氧化现象,与此同时,颗粒污泥由灰黑色变为棕褐色,粒径减小.到第90 d时,成功培养出厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₂-N同时被去除,最大去除速率分别达到14.6 g/(m³·d)和6.67 g/(m³·d).从第110　d开始,逐步降低HRT,以提高基质负荷促进厌氧氨氧化菌生长.到目前t＝156　d,HRT降到5　d,氨氮和亚硝酸氮的去除率分别达到60.6%和62.5%,亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率为1.12.污泥也由棕褐色变为红棕色,形成红棕色的具有高厌氧氨氧化活性颗粒污泥,总氮负荷达到34.3 g/(m³·d).     

零价铁对厌氧消化过程中氨氮抑制解除的影响

氨氮抑制是影响高含固有机固体废弃物厌氧消化产甲烷效率的重要因素.本研究通过实验室批量实验,考察了微米级零价铁对剩余污泥、热水解污泥厌氧消化的影响以及对高氨氮抑制解除的影响.结果表明,投加4 g·L~(-1)和10 g·L~(-1)零价铁对剩余污泥、热水解污泥厌氧消化过程中的产甲烷速率、迟滞时间和产甲烷潜势等动力学特征均未有影响.但是,在高氨氮抑制的厌氧消化过程中, 4 g·L~(-1)和10 g·L~(-1)的零价铁投加可使厌氧消化受氨氮抑制的产甲烷迟滞时间由对照组的18.61 d分别缩短为17.22 d和16.18 d,最大产甲烷速率(以VS计)由对照组的6.34 mL·(d·g)~(-1)提升为7.84 mL·(d·g)~(-1)和7.39 mL·(d·g)~(-1).零价铁并未通过化学反应对厌氧消化的pH缓冲体系产生直接影响,而是使氨氮抑制后的产甲烷优势古菌Methanosarcina的相对丰度(27 d)由对照组的30.71%提升到53.50%和60.30%.本研究证明了零价铁并不能提升污泥产甲烷潜势,而只是在受抑制影响的厌氧消化过程中,刺激产甲烷微生物的代谢活性,强化如氨氮抑制影响的快速解除.     

制裘废水厌氧处理的可行性研究

采用静态试验法研究了制裘过程产生的两股主要废水——浸皮废水和洗皮废水厌氧处理的可行性。浸皮废水对甲烷菌无抑制作用,并具有良好的厌氧生物降解性,甲烷气产率为1.02 m~3/m~3,COD去除率可达87.6％。洗皮废水的甲烷气产率为0.82m~3/m~3。洗皮废水中的洗涤剂DG7不能被厌氧降解,但会被污泥吸附,当其浓度低于50—100 mg/L,甲烷菌可被驯化,不影响厌氧过程。洗皮废水宜与浸皮废水或其它污水合并进行厌氧处理。     

厌氧污泥产甲烷活性与产甲烷菌群多样性的研究

选用NaAc为基质,对AP、DH两污水处理厂的厌氧污泥进行了生化产甲烷(CH4)势实验(BMP).经改进的Gompertz模型和MichaelisMenten模型回归分析可知,尽管AP、DH两厂厌氧污泥的最大比产气速率数值接近(67.93、62.65 mL·g-1·d-1,以VSS计),但对基质NaAc的半饱和常数K m差异较大(1517和801 mg·L-1),DH厌氧污泥对基质的亲和力较好.BMP实验结束时DH厌氧污泥中的ORP位于-310~-373 mV之间,投加基质时CH4回收率高于80%,均优于AP厌氧污泥.T-RFLP与SEM镜检结果与BMP实验结果较为吻合,AP厌氧污泥中产CH4功能菌群群落丰度较低,Diverse菌群相对丰度达45%,而DH厌氧污泥中产CH4功能菌种群密集,Diverse菌群相对丰度仅为7%.DH厌氧污泥中产CH4功能菌以产CH4髦毛菌Methanosaeta spp.(280 bps)为主,同时存在产CH4微菌Methanomicrobiaceae(80 bps)、RC-I(389bps)和产CH4杆菌Methanobacteriacea(88 bps).     

污水污泥处理的资源化技术分析

污水污泥消化气发电技术是将污水污泥经厌氧发酵消化后，利用所产生的甲烷气气体作燃料供发电机使用；污泥油化处理技术是在高温、高压、催化剂条件下，使高分子物质通过加水分解、缩合、脱氢、环化等反应变为低分子油状物质的过程。利用上述技术可实现污水污泥处理的资源化。     

Biosorption of Cr(III) from aqueous solution by freeze-dried activated sludge: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Batch biosorption experiments were conducted to remove Cr(III) from aqueous solutions using activated sludge from a sewage treatment plant. An investigation was conducted on the effects of the initial pH, contact time, temperature, and initial Cr(III) concentration in the biosorption process. The results revealed that the activated sludge exhibited the highest Cr(III) uptake capacity (120 mg·g⁻¹) at 45°C, initial pH of 4, and initial Cr(III) concentration of 100 mg·L⁻¹. The biosorption results obtained at various temperatures showed that the biosorption pattern accurately followed the Langmuir model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, ΔGo° ( − 0.8–4.58 kJ·mol⁻¹), ΔH° (15.6–44.4 kJ·mol⁻¹), and ΔS° (0.06–0.15 kJ·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹) clearly indicated that the biosorption process was feasible, spontaneous, endothermic, and physical. The pseudo first-order and second-order kinetic models were adopted to describe the experimental data, which revealed that the Cr(III) biosorption process conformed to the second-order rate expression and the biosorption rate constants decreased with increasing Cr (III) concentration. The analysis of the values of biosorption activation energy (E _a = −7 kJ·mol⁻¹) and the intraparticle diffusion model demonstrated that Cr(III) biosorption was film-diffusion-controlled.     

Sludge reduction during brewery wastewater treatment by hydrolyzation-food chain reactor system

During brewery wastewater treatment by a hydrolyzation-food chain reactor (FCR) system, sludge was recycled to the anaerobic segment. With the function of hydrolyzation acidification in the anaerobic segment and the processes of aerobic oxidation and antagonism, predation, interaction and symbiosis among microbes in multilevel oxidation segment, residual sludge could be reduced effectively. The 6-month dynamic experiments show that the average chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal ratio was 92.6% and average sludge production of the aerobic segment was 8.14%, with the COD of the influent at 960–1720 mg/L and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12 h. Since the produced sludge could be recycled and hydrolyzed in the anaerobic segment, no excess sludge was produced during the steady running for this system.     

微氧水解酸化处理石化废水的生物降解特性

本研究采用微氧水解酸化技术处理石化废水,以抑制硫酸盐的还原,减少硫化氢的产生.同时,通过与厌氧水解酸化的对比试验,研究了微氧水解酸化的生物降解特性.微氧反应器的ORP控制在(-290±71)m V,厌氧反应器的ORP为(-398±31)m V.反应器运行近7个月的结果表明,在进水COD为202~514 mg·L-1、硫酸根浓度为350~650 mg·L-1及HRT为12 h时,微氧水解酸化反应器COD的平均去除率为31.2%,高于厌氧水解酸化的26.4%.厌氧出水的VFA浓度((2.34±0.60)mmol·L-1)高于微氧出水((1.89±0.48)mmol·L-1).微氧出水的平均比紫外吸收值(UV254/DOC)为0.017,显著低于厌氧出水(0.025),表明微氧环境可以提高兼性水解酸化菌的生理代谢功能,强化难降解芳香有机物和含共轭双键大分子化合物的去除.微氧水解酸化出水的硫离子浓度((0.11±0.04)mg·L-1)显著低于厌氧出水((1.27±1.22)mg·L-1).454焦磷酸测序结果表明:微氧水解酸化菌群中,变形菌门、绿弯菌门和放线菌门菌群丰度(所占比例分别为39.7%、20.3%、1.9%)高于厌氧水解酸化菌群(分别为36.9%、17.5%、1.3%),对难降解大分子有机物的去除效果好;厌氧水解酸化菌群中拟杆菌门和酸杆菌门所占比例较大,酸化效果更好.在属的水平上,微氧水解酸化污泥中鉴定出的硫酸盐还原菌的种群多样性和丰度均低于厌氧污泥,这与其出水较低的硫离子浓度一致,表明微氧环境能够有效抑制硫酸盐还原菌的活性.上述研究结果表明,微氧水解酸化是一种很有前途的石化废水预处理技术.