高氨氮废水半短程硝化控制及曝气经济性运行优化

本研究进水模拟了污泥消化液、晚期垃圾渗滤液等高氨氮低碱度低碳氮比的废水,在碱度缺乏（不足以实现完全短程硝化）条件下获得了稳定的半短程硝化,并通过曝气量和污泥浓度（MLSS）双因素调控,实现了半短程硝化的高效经济运行.研究表明,进水碱度缺乏条件下短程硝化体系出水亚硝氮/氨氮浓度比值y与进水HCO₃^-∶NH₄⁺物质的量的比x之间存在化学计量关系 y=x/（2-x）,当进水HCO₃^-∶NH₄⁺物质的量的比为1,即进水碱度/氨氮浓度（mg·L^-1）比值为3.6时可实现半短程硝化,并通过游离氨（FA）和游离亚硝酸（FNA）联合抑制能够实现稳态运行,亚硝酸盐积累率平均可达95%以上.实验探究了MLSS和曝气量对短程硝化反应器曝气经济性和氨氧化率的影响,通过平衡两因素作用,在保证处理效果的同时最大程度提升了反应系统的曝气经济性：当曝气量为36 L·h^-1和MLSS为2243 mg·L^-1时,反应器的曝气经济性较好,可节省约40%曝气量,且能维持较高的容积氨氮负荷（0.93 kg·m^-3·d^-1）.     

不同低碳氮比废水中好氧颗粒污泥的长期运行稳定性

为了研究好氧颗粒污泥系统处理低碳氮比废水的长期运行稳定性,采用低碳氮比（C/N）条件下逐步增加碳氮负荷的进水方法,分别在反应器A和B中接种好氧颗粒污泥,考察其长期运行过程中的理化性质、处理性能及应对冲击负荷的稳定性.其中A反应器的碳氮比一直维持在2,而B则由4逐步降至2.结果表明,在4℃存储30d的好氧颗粒污泥,经过25d的培养,其活性基本恢复,A、B反应器化学需氧量（COD）和氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）的去除效率均达到90%以上.在其后的稳定阶段,B反应器COD和NH₄⁺-N去除率达到90%以上,实现了完全硝化;而A反应器COD去除率仅80%左右,虽然NH₄⁺-N去除率最终也达到90%以上,但仅实现短程硝化.在冲击负荷阶段,A和B反应器COD去除率仍维持在80%以上,但是NH₄⁺-N去除受到很大冲击.A反应器NH₄⁺-N去除效率恶化,B反应器仅实现了部分硝化.整个运行过程,好氧颗粒污泥的物理性质受到的影响不大,A和B反应器的污泥容积指数（SVI₃₀）分别维持在60 mL ·g^-1和75 mL ·g^-1左右,混合液悬浮固体（MLSS）在5g ·L^-1和3.7g ·L^-1左右.颗粒污泥微生物群落分析表明,B反应器相对于A反应器丰富度和多样性更高.同时B反应器具有更高丰度的Zoogloea属,在颗粒中能产生更多的胞外蛋白促使颗粒结构更稳定,保证系统的长期稳定运行.以上结果表明,与C/N为2的好氧颗粒污泥系统相比,C/N为4的系统脱碳硝化效果好,抗冲击负荷能力强,更有利于颗粒污泥的长期稳定运行.     

全程自养颗粒污泥快速启动及混合营养型脱氮性能分析

在连续流条件下,基于颗粒污泥全程自养脱氮（CANON）工艺的快速启动和混合营养条件下高效脱氮,是CANON工程应用的重要环节.本研究在气提内循环反应器（AIR）中,以老化的CANON颗粒污泥经机械破碎至0.3 mm作为种泥,实现混合营养型单级颗粒污泥同步脱氮除碳.启动26 d,通过控制DO,系统出现稳定的部分硝化,再缩短HRT提升氨氮负荷至5.65 kg ·（m³ ·d）^-1,促进颗粒化和厌氧氨氧化;第68 d,总氮去除率达到58%之后,进水加入有机物,C/N从0提升到0.25和0.5,促进AOB、AMX和异养微生物的协同,氨氮去除率达95%,总氮去除率达85%,COD去除率达80%左右.COD浓度增加,能较好地抑制Nitrospira菌属等NOB的活性,q（NH₄⁺-N）和q（TN）稳定在0.4 g ·（g ·h）^-1和0.34 g ·（g ·h）^-1,q（NO₃^--N）约为0.02 g ·（g ·h）^-1.采用MiSeq高通量测序对微生物多样性分析,表明有机物对污泥中Nitrosomomas和Candidutus_Kuenenia丰度未产生显著影响,增加了Candidutus_Brocadia菌属以及具有反硝化功能Denitratisoma等菌属的丰度.这对于快速启动连续流CANON颗粒污泥工艺处理低C/N比废水提供思路.     

生活污水常温处理系统中AOB与NOB竞争优势的调控

常温（19℃±1℃）条件下,采用SBR工艺处理低碳氮比（C/N）实际生活污水,研究氨氧化菌（AOB）与亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）竞争优势的调控,在接种全程硝化污泥的系统中使AOB成为优势菌群,启动并维持常温短程硝化.通过控制曝气量为40 L/h使系统溶解氧处于较低水平（DO_average<1.0 mg/L）,同时结合好氧硝化时间的优化控制,即在pH值“氨谷"点前及时停止曝气的短周期定时控制,强化AOB的竞争优势.待AOB的竞争优势初步形成后（亚硝酸盐积累率NO^-2-Ｎ/NO^-_x-N达到50％）,每周期曝气时间随着NO^-2-Ｎ/NO^-_x-N的提高由3 h逐步延长至4 h、 5 h,从而提高NH⁺₄-N去除率,进一步增强AOB在系统中的竞争优势,短程硝化成功启动,NO^-2-Ｎ/NO^-_x-N稳定在95%以上.FISH检测结果表明AOB大约占总菌群的9.97％.在线控制好氧硝化时间可以很好地维持短程硝化效果,NH⁺₄-N去除率达到97%以上.研究还表明,对于全程硝化污泥常温下如果不限制溶解氧,单纯依靠短周期定时控制无法使AOB成为优势硝化菌群.     

3种人工湿地基质材料对氨氮的吸附特性

对陶粒、石英砂和砾石这3种人工湿地基质材料进行了氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）吸附特性研究.通过扫描电镜和BET比表面积分析仪对材料进行表征分析,发现陶粒表面相比石英砂和砾石更为粗糙,内部孔隙也较发达,陶粒（18.97 m²·g^-1）比表面积高于石英砂和砾石.在纯氨氮溶液和模拟污水厂出水一级B标准的混合溶液中,3种基质对NH₄⁺-N的吸附能力均表现为：陶粒>砾石>石英砂.陶粒对NH₄⁺-N的饱和吸附容量在混合溶液中最大（63.55 mg·g^-1）.陶粒对NH₄⁺-N的吸附过程符合伪二级动力学模型（在纯氨氮溶液中R²为0.99、在混合溶液中R²为0.98）.在纯氨氮溶液中运用Freundlich和Langmuir模型对等温吸附试验结果进行拟合,发现Freundlich模型（R²=0.93）描述陶粒的吸附特性比Langmuir模型更为精确（R²为0.93）,表明陶粒对NH₄⁺-N的吸附为多层吸附.综上所述,陶粒的吸附容量较强,在混合溶液中吸附容量较纯氨氮溶液增大了31%,适用于作为人工湿地基质填料.     

环境因子对全自养脱氮颗粒污泥功能菌协同效应的影响

以全自养脱氮颗粒污泥为研究对象,在采用MiSeq高通量测序技术探明其微生物菌群结构的基础上,通过单因子批次实验,系统考察了溶解氧（DO）浓度、反应温度（t）、初始氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）浓度和溶液pH对好氧与厌氧氨氧化菌（AOB和AMX）之间协同作用的影响,以期为新工艺的运行调控提供理论参考.结果表明,以Nitrosomonas属（相对丰度32.9%）和Candidatus Kuenenia属（相对丰度9.8%）为代表的AOB和AMX在颗粒污泥中占据优势地位.当初始NH₄⁺-N浓度为100 mg·L^-1时,颗粒污泥的总氮比降解速率[q（TN）]在DO=2 mg·L^-1时达到最大值（17.7±1.0）mg·（g·h）^-1.过低或过高的DO浓度将分别导致亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化成为脱氮的限速步骤.依据反应自由能可知,AMX活性较AOB更易受到低温条件的抑制.当t<30℃时,系统中出现亚硝态氮累积现象,q（TN）值显著降低.在相同的供氧条件下,初始NH₄⁺-N浓度低于100 mg·L^-1不能充分发挥污泥中AMX的脱氮能力.但当初始NH₄⁺-N浓度超过150 mg·L^-1时,供氧不足和高游离氨又会导致q（TN）值的持续下降.此外,颗粒污泥中两类氨氧化菌在pH 7.0~8.5范围内都表现出了良好的协同作用.     

羟胺对一体式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺的原位恢复及运行稳定性的影响

一体式部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化（CPNA）工艺的脱氮性能常因亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）大量增殖导致的NO₃^--N积累而恶化.本研究通过连续试验考察长期低剂量投加羟胺（NH₂OH）对CPNA工艺原位恢复及其长期运行稳定性的影响.结果表明,低剂量投加NH₂OH（1.5 mg·L^-1）可快速原位恢复CPNA工艺,TN去除率在45 d内从18.6%恢复至82.2%,ΔNO₃^--N/ΔNH₄⁺-N比值从0.73±0.05下降至0.13±0.03;以相同方式在100 d内持续投加NH₂OH,CPNA工艺的TN去除率长期保持在82.2%±4.9%,ΔNO₃^--N/ΔNH₄⁺-N比值可长期稳定在0.13±0.03.16S rRNA高通量测序结果表明,羟胺投加期间,脱氮功能菌群变化显著,Nitrospira的丰度从28.22%下降到2.74%,厌氧氨氧化菌Candidatus Kuenenia丰度从初始的3.43%明显增长到22.86%.低剂量投加羟胺可有效促进CPNA工艺的快速原位恢复,并保持其长期稳定运行.     

限NH4+和限NO2-厌氧氨氧化系统的运行特性及微生物种群特征

在控制进水TN浓度<50 mg·L^-1、水力停留时间为2.0 h和水温为20℃条件下,采用连续流完全混合式反应器对比研究了限NH₄⁺和限NO₂^-厌氧氨氧化系统的脱氮效能及微生物种群特征.结果表明,尽管两厌氧氨氧化反应器维持了类似的TN去除负荷［0.45~0.5 kg·（m³·d）^-1］和TN去除率（70%左右）,但限NH₄⁺厌氧氨氧化反应器中ΔNO₃^-/ΔNH₄⁺呈现更快的上升趋势.批式试验及高通量测序结果表明,限NH₄⁺厌氧氨氧化反应器比限NO₂^-反应器具有更为显著的功能及微生物种群空间异质性.Candidatus_Brocadia是两反应器中的优势厌氧氨氧化菌属,限NH₄⁺条件下Candidatus_Brocadia在大粒径颗粒污泥中的富集水平（53.9%）显著高于絮体污泥（19.1%）;而在限NO₂^-条件下颗粒污泥与絮体污泥中Candidatus_Brocadia的相对丰度差别不大,分别为28.1%和21.3%.两反应器中均有Nitrospira存在且主要生存于絮体污泥中,对O₂的需求应是驱动Nitrospira于絮体污泥中生长的关键因素;此外,限NH₄⁺（即NO₂^-富余）环境可以促进Nitrospira的生长繁殖.综上,提出了基于选择性排泥的限NH₄⁺厌氧氨氧化系统优化运行策略.     

含海水污水的短程硝化反硝化

采用SBR工艺通过控制游离氨(FA)浓度实现了含海水生活污水的短程硝化反硝化脱氮,并研究了不同海水盐度情况下,温度、pH值、NH₄⁺-N负荷等诸因素对短程硝化反硝化的影响.试验结果表明:大生活用水范围内的海水盐度情况下仍可实现短程硝化反硝化,但不同海水盐度情况下的NH₄⁺-N去除率与NHH₄⁺-N负荷有关,随着海水占生活污水比例的增加NH₄⁺-N负荷应逐渐减少.当NH₄⁺-N负荷小于0.15kg/(kg·d)时,短程硝化的NH₄⁺-N去除率仍可达到90%以上.升高温度有利于提高短程硝化脱氮效率,当温度从20℃升高到30℃时,亚硝化比增长速率增加1倍.反应温度应保持在25℃～30℃,pH值的最佳范围为7.5～8.5.较高的进水pH值有利于通过游离氨浓度控制亚硝酸型硝化的形成.     

炭膜曝气生物膜反应器硝化作用及其微生物群落结构分析

采用炭膜曝气生物膜反应器处理无机含氮废水,通过改变进水氨氮浓度和水力停留时间,研究了反应器硝化性能、氧利用情况以及氨氮去除负荷,并对生物膜表面特性和硝化菌优势菌种进行分析.结果表明, 在膜内气压0.017 MPa,进水NH⁺₄-N 50 mg/L,HRT为8 h条件下,NH⁺₄-N去除率达到96%,出水NO^-₂-N平均为17 mg/L,一定程度上实现了短程硝化,炭膜所供给氧气被生物膜全部消耗;系统比表面氨氮最大去除速率为9.7 g/(m²·d),炭膜表面有限的生物量制约了去除速率的进一步提高; 荧光原位杂交技术分析揭示生物膜内亚硝化单胞菌（Nitrosomonas）和亚硝化螺菌（Nitrosospira）为亚硝化细菌优势菌种,分别占细菌总菌数的19%和21%,硝化螺菌（Nitrospira）为硝化细菌优势菌种,占总菌数的20%,未检测到硝化杆菌（Nitrobacter）的存在.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.