垃圾焚烧厂区二噁英污染及厂区工人呼吸暴露评估

通过对我国使用不同类型焚烧炉的两个城市垃圾焚烧厂进行环境空气采样及分析,初步评估两厂区活动场所内二英污染水平、污染特征,以及对污染物进行来源解析,初步评估职业人群在不同劳动强度下的二噁英暴露风险.结果表明:(1)两生活垃圾焚烧厂厂区环境空气的二噁英毒性当量浓度(以I-TEQ计)范围为0.034~2.152 pg·m-3,大部分点位的I-TEQ值都超过了环境空气质量标准,其中厂房焚烧炉后区域的毒性当量浓度较高.(2)焚烧厂环境空气中二英类化合物主要以OCDD和1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Hp CDD为主,其中焚烧炉类型为炉排炉的A厂工作场所内的环境空气受该厂焚烧烟气及飞灰一定的影响,而焚烧炉类型为循环流化床的B厂工作场所处空气受排放烟气的影响不大.(3)焚烧厂内二英个体呼吸暴露水平为0.01~1.10 pg·(kg·d)-1,部分个体的呼吸暴露值超过了评价限值,焚烧炉后为高暴露区域.     

医疗废物焚烧厂周边环境空气中二英浓度分布及其健康风险评估

于2015-2018年冬季（12月-2月）对广东省某医疗废物焚烧厂排放烟气及焚烧设施周边2.5 km范围内6个采样点分别进行了4次烟气和环境空气样品采集,应用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱（HRGC-HRMS）联用技术对二（口恶）英（PCDD/Fs）浓度水平进行监测并对其组成特征进行了分析,运用主成分分析法（PCA）对周边环境空气中二（口恶）英来源进行了初步解析,同时采用VLIER-HUMAAN模型评估其对人体的健康风险.结果表明该医疗废物焚烧厂烟气二（口恶）英毒性当量浓度为0.542~21.300 ng·Nm^-3（以I-TEQ计）,排放水平较高;周边环境空气中PCDD/Fs质量浓度和毒性当量浓度变化范围分别为0.682~196.000 pg·m^-3和0.036~17.700 pg·m^-3（以I-TEQ计）,周边环境空气中PCDD/Fs浓度明显受到排放源烟气落地点的影响.空气样品中二（口恶）英同族体及异构体分布指纹谱图与该焚烧设施排放烟气类似,空气质量浓度主要贡献单体以OCDD、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF、OCDF以及1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD为主,主要毒性贡献单体为2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF.PCA源解析结论与指纹谱图特征分析结论基本一致,该研究区域中环境空气二（口恶）英主要来源于医疗废物焚烧烟气排放.健康风险评估结果表明,该区域人群呼吸暴露风险总体处于较为安全的水平（0.0032~0.141 pg TEQ·kg^-1·d^-1）,部分个体的呼吸暴露贡献率超过了评价限值,应引起重视.     

医疗废物焚烧烟气中二(口恶)英排放特征研究

医疗废物焚烧是二(口恶)英排放的重点源,但缺乏对其系统、全面的研究,为进一步明确其二(口恶)英排放水平和分布特征,获得二(口恶)英排放监控的重要基础数据,以3处医疗废物焚烧炉为研究对象,采用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱联用仪对烟气中二(口恶)英进行测定和分析。结果表明,烟气中二(口恶)英质量浓度均值为2.379 ng/Nm~3,毒性当量浓度均值为0.249 ng/I-TEQ Nm~3,达到国家排放标准;同系物指纹特征分布以PCDFs为主,质量浓度和毒性当量浓度贡献率最大的单体分别为1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF和2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF;2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF对I-TEQ相关性最好,相关系数R~2达0.959,可作为指示单体;排放因子均值为6.087μg I-TEQ/t,明显高于生活垃圾焚烧炉,需引起更多关注。     

医疗废物焚烧厂二英排放对周边土壤的影响(2007-2014年)

2007-2014年期间对浙江省某医疗废物焚烧厂（MWI）周边土壤二英含量和指纹特征分布进行跟踪调查,研究焚烧运行排放的二英对周边土壤的影响程度.结果表明,运行前医疗废物焚烧厂周边2.4 km范围内土壤二英基线含量为1.09 ng·kg^-1（以I-TEQ计）,运行后土壤二英含量逐年增加,且距离烟囱500 m范围内增加幅度明显.2014年焚烧炉周边的土壤二英平均含量为7.05 ng·kg^-1（以I-TEQ计）,为基线含量（2007年）的6.47倍.且由主成分分析结果可知,土壤二英的指纹特征分布随着运行时间的增加趋向于焚烧排放的二英指纹特征,2011年和2014年的土壤采样点与焚烧源位置最接近,焚烧厂正常工况排放的烟气及飞灰和启炉工况下的烟气二英对周边土壤的影响程度较大.     

东莞垃圾焚烧厂周边环境中PCDD/Fs分布特征

对东莞市生活垃圾焚烧厂周边的大气、土壤和植物样品中四氯~八氯代二口恶英(2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs)含量及其组成特征进行了分析。监测结果表明该垃圾焚烧厂区内环境空气样品PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度较高(5.15 pg I-TEQ/m3),周边环境空气PCDD/Fs浓度的变化范围为0.175~0.494 pg I-TEQ/m3(3.21~5.59 pg/m3),均值为0.345 pg I-TEQ/m3(4.44 pg/m3),属于中等偏低水平。土壤样品在厂区内、厂址周边和背景区的浓度分别为15.7 ng I-TEQ/kg(1 252 ng/kg)、19.2 ng I-TEQ/kg(4 424 ng/kg)和14.4 ng I-TEQ/kg(11 800 ng/kg)。植物样品在上面3个区的浓度分别为2.75 ng I-TEQ/kg(22.3 ng/kg)、2.75 ng I-TEQ/kg(22.3 ng/kg)和3.59 ng I-TEQ/kg(262 ng/kg)。1,2,3,4,6,7,8-Hp CDF和OCDD是空气中二口恶英质量浓度主要贡献因子,土壤和植物样品中PCDD/Fs的主要贡献单体均为OCDD。样本二口恶英浓度空间分布特征、同类物分布特征表明,空气样品受焚烧源影响较明显,但土壤和植物的热源特征不明显,还需要进一步的研究来了解其PCDD/Fs的来源。     

北京市某垃圾焚烧厂周边大气二(口恶)英污染特征及暴露风险

2014年4月至2015年1月对北京市某生活垃圾焚烧发电厂周边6 km范围内7个采样点采集环境空气,应用高分辨气相色谱-高分辨质谱（HRGC-HRMS）联用技术对二英（PCDD/Fs）浓度水平进行监测并对其组成特征及时空特征进行了分析.结果表明该生活垃圾焚烧发电厂周边环境空气中PCDD/Fs质量浓度的变化范围为8.9~140 pg·m^-3,毒性当量（TEQ）变化范围为0.11~1.8 pg·m^-3,其中秋季霾天4个采样点和冬季全部采样点超出日本环境空气质量标准限值（TEQ：0.6 pg·m^-3）.1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF和OCDD是四季空气中PCDD/Fs质量浓度的主要贡献单体,年平均贡献率分别为20.5%和14.0%,而2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF是总TEQ贡献最大的单体,年平均贡献率为43.3%.空间分布特征表现为各采样点浓度水平与距污染源距离远近没有显著相关性;季节变化特征表现为冬季值显著高于其他季节,分析可能与冬季燃煤采暖及大气扩散条件差导致的大气颗粒物污染较重有关,与各季采样时段内大气PM₁₀和PM_2.5的平均浓度水平呈正相关相一致.样品中二英同族体及异构体分布指纹谱图与该焚烧设施排放烟气存在差别,主成分分析（PCA）源解析结论与指纹谱图特征分析结论一致.二英呼吸暴露剂量估算结果表明该区域人群呼吸暴露风险总体处于较为安全的水平[0.060~0.224 pg·（kg·d）^-1],但仍需关注大气颗粒物重污染天气发生时的呼吸暴露风险.     

火化机中二（口恶）英的排放特征和指示物的研究

综合分析了所测的遗体火化炉的36个样品和文献中41组数据中二(口恶)英（PCDD/Fs）化合物的排放指纹特征,分析了不同单体与毒性当量浓度I-TEQ的相关性,提出了适合火化炉的I-TEQ指示物,为以后实现在线监测PCDD/Fs提供依据.结果表明,本次监测样品的毒性当量浓度跨度较大,为0.014~24.0 ng·m^-3（以I-TEQ计,下同）,平均值为2.68 ng·m^-3.所有新建火化炉的结果均低于0.5 ng·m^-3,75%的旧炉超过2017年7月1日开始执行的新标准限值,表明现有部分老旧火化炉及其尾气处理设施亟需技术改造才能满足新要求.体积分数最高的单体依次为OCDD、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF和1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD,分别为16.7%±11.8%、12.1%±4.4%和11.9%±4.2%.对I-TEQ的贡献率最大的单体为2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF,且PCDFs与PCDDs的毒性当量浓度比值,即ρ（PCDFs/PCDDs）> 1.四、五、六氯代二(口恶)英和呋喃与I-TEQ具有显著的线性相关性,其中,1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF、2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF和1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD与I-TEQ的相关系数r大于0.89.与I-TEQ线性关系最佳的单体为2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF,R²为0.97,斜率为2.36;最佳的同类物为PeCDF,R²为0.97,斜率为2.22.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰或炉渣中二

分别采集了3种生活垃圾焚烧炉产生的飞灰或熔融炉渣样品,分析了其中的二(口恶)(口英)含量及其毒性当量,并讨论了17种2,3,7,8位氯取代的二(口恶)(口英)分布特征及其对总毒性当量的贡献.结果表明,机械炉排焚烧炉产生的飞灰中二(口恶)(口英)最多,总浓度为319ng/g,毒性当量为6.7ng I-TEQ/g;其次为流化床焚烧炉,产生的飞灰中二(口恶)(口英)总浓度为38.7ng/g,毒性当量为0.8ng I-TEQ/g;气化熔融焚烧炉产生的熔融炉渣中二(口恶)(口英)很少,总浓度为38.7pg/g,毒性当量仅为1.1pg I-TEQ/g;所有的2,3,7,8位氯取代的13C同位素标记内标化合物回收率在39%～156%之间.尽管不同的垃圾焚烧炉在二(口恶)(口英)的生成量上有明显的差别,但是产生的二(口恶)(口英)同类物的归一化浓度以及对毒性当量贡献的归一化结果分布特征十分相似,表明3种垃圾焚烧炉在垃圾焚烧过程产生二(口恶)(口英)可能具有相似的反应机理.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰或炉渣中二(口恶)(口英)的分布特征

分别采集了3种生活垃圾焚烧炉产生的飞灰或熔融炉渣样品,分析了其中的二(口恶)(口英)含量及其毒性当量,并讨论了17种2,3,7,8位氯取代的二(口恶)(口英)分布特征及其对总毒性当量的贡献.结果表明,机械炉排焚烧炉产生的飞灰中二(口恶)(口英)最多,总浓度为319ng/g,毒性当量为6.7ng I-TEQ/g;其次为流化床焚烧炉,产生的飞灰中二(口恶)(口英)总浓度为38.7ng/g,毒性当量为0.8ng I-TEQ/g;气化熔融焚烧炉产生的熔融炉渣中二(口恶)(口英)很少,总浓度为38.7pg/g,毒性当量仅为1.1pg I-TEQ/g;所有的2,3,7,8位氯取代的13C同位素标记内标化合物回收率在39%～156%之间.尽管不同的垃圾焚烧炉在二(口恶)(口英)的生成量上有明显的差别,但是产生的二(口恶)(口英)同类物的归一化浓度以及对毒性当量贡献的归一化结果分布特征十分相似,表明3种垃圾焚烧炉在垃圾焚烧过程产生二(口恶)(口英)可能具有相似的反应机理.     

硫氨基循环抑制烟气二英生成的试验研究

新型硫氨基物质对二英低温从头合成具有良好的抑制效果,但尚未在实际焚烧炉中应用.本文借助烟气循环抑制和飞灰低温热处置联用控制二英排放中试系统(500 Nm³·h^-1),开展了硫氨基循环抑制实际焚烧炉烟气二英排放的研究.试验结果表明,硫氨基抑制气氛能在该系统中循环累积,该系统对二英阻滞率达95%以上,烟气二英排放浓度低于最新国家环保标准0.1 ng·Nm^-3(以I-TEQ计).该新型硫氨基循环抑制技术对实际废物焚烧炉二英的减排控制具有重要指导价值.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.