以环境保护为基础的城市公园生态设计研究

从环境保护视野对城市公园景观优化设计进行研究,以环境保护为基础,探讨城市公园景观优化设计中应用环境保护的原则,以太原公园为例,介绍其景观优化设计方式,包括改善城市公园湖滨游步道的林荫绿化情况,增建亲水空间,优化座椅、休闲亭和餐饮设施,改善水景别墅前绿化景观,提升公园整体植物景观层次感,规划城市公园水生植物景观.总结出城市公园景观优化设计的策略主要为:设计湖滨亲水设施、营造水上景观、配置城市公园植物景观、设置沿岸的水景.     

基于环境保护探讨城市公园设计研究

针对基于环境保护探讨城市公园设计,介绍了环境保护对城市公园设计的意义,探讨了基于环境保护的城市公园设计的流程:主要包括环境保护的分析——实证调查,使用者需求分析——确定目标,策略制定——满足需求.在这个基础上介绍了广东珠海公园景观设计,包括城市公园的设计原则和城市公园的功能定位,提出了城市公园的总体布局理念,最后提出基于环境保护的城市公园设计策略,包括城市公园生态保护设计和城市公园植物景观设计,为城市公园设计奠定了基础.     

城市公园环境科学规划设计与生态保护研究

针对城市公园环境科学规划设计与生态保护探讨问题,文中介绍了城市公园环境科学规划设计与生态保护意义,探讨了城市公园生态环境保护的功效,并提出了城市公园生态环境保护的规划设计,主要包括城市公园生态保护的选址和城市公园生态保护的设计规划,在这个规划中主要提出了生态保护的优先设计系统、生物种类的多样性、要尊重生态保护的自然发展、要尊重生态保护的植物配置设计和要尊重生态保护的因地制宜设计,为城市公园环境科学规划设计与生态保护提出了建议.     

北京市城市公园土壤铅累积特征、来源及健康风险

城市公园在城市发展中具有社会文化、经济和环境服务等多重功能,城市和经济的快速发展可能导致城市公园土壤重金属累积从而威胁人体健康.采集北京市32个典型公园140个土壤样品,利用单因子污染指数法和地累积指数法分析了公园土壤Pb的累积特征,通过稳定同位素定量解析了土壤Pb的潜在污染来源,并使用基于蒙特卡洛的概率风险评价方法评估其健康风险.结果表明,北京市城市公园土壤ω(Pb)几何均值为38.63 mg·kg^-1,是北京市土壤背景值的1.48倍,但尚未超过《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 36600-2018)规定的筛选值;城市公园土壤Pb累积随着公园距中心城区的距离和建园时间的增加而增加;2环内、 2～4环和4～6环公园土壤Pb单因子污染指数分别为0.16、 0.10和0.09,均未达到污染水平;地累积指数分别是0.80、 0.07和-0.31,除2环内和2～4环土壤Pb达到无-中度污染水平,4～6环土壤均未达到污染水平;同位素定量源解析表明公园土壤Pb污染主要来源于煤燃烧(45.4%)、道路灰尘(19.6%)和油漆(13.9%);公园土壤Pb...     

北京城市公园绿地土壤微生物群落碳源代谢活性特征

为深入理解城市土壤微生物碳源代谢活性,以北京城市公园绿地土壤为研究对象,采用Biolog-ECO微平板技术,研究了不同历史年限公园[AT（奥林匹克森林公园）、CHY（朝阳公园）、YYT（玉渊潭公园）、TRT（陶然亭公园）、RT（日坛公园）、TT（天坛公园）,其建设历史年限分别为8、32、52、317、486、592 a]土壤微生物群落碳源代谢特征.结果表明:北京市不同城市公园绿地土壤微生物利用碳源能力不同,AT的AWCD（平均颜色变化率）显著低于其他历史年限较长的公园（P < 0.05）.不同城市公园绿地土壤微生物群落对不同类型碳源利用能力存在差异,AT土壤微生物对多聚物类碳源代谢能力较强,其他公园绿地土壤微生物对糖类和氨基酸类碳源的利用能力较强,所有公园绿地土壤微生物群落对羧酸类碳源的利用能力相对较弱.AT土壤微生物群落功能多样性显著低于其他公园（P < 0.05）.对土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力进行主成分分析显示,提取与土壤微生物碳源利用相关的主成分的累计贡献率为89.00%,对主成分分离起主要作用的碳源为糖类和氨基酸类物质.冗余分析（RDA）表明,不同城市公园绿地土壤微生物碳源代谢能力的主要影响因素是总碳（TC）,但值得注意的是,公园历史年限对不同城市公园绿地土壤微生物碳源代谢能力也有很强的影响.      

桂林市不同功能型公园水体微塑料的分布特征及风险评估

城市公园水体环境容量小,自净能力差,更容易受微塑料影响而造成水体微生态系统的失衡.以公园的功能特点(综合型、社区型和生态型)为基础,通过现场采样、显微观察和傅里叶红外光谱等方法,调查了桂林市公园水体微塑料的分布特征,并采用微塑料风险指数(H)和负荷指数(PLI)评估了微塑料的污染风险.结果表明,公园表层水和沉积物中微塑料的丰度范围分别为104.67～674.44 n·m^-3和95.57～877.78 n·kg^-1.微塑料形状主要包含碎片、纤维、薄膜和颗粒,且以小于1 mm的碎片和纤维为主.微塑料聚合物有聚乙烯和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯.不同功能公园水体的微塑料丰度差异性显著,其中综合型公园的微塑料丰度最高.公园水体微塑料丰度与公园功能和入园人数密切相关.公园表层水的污染风险较低,而沉积物的污染风险相对较高.研究表明,旅游是桂林城市公园水体微塑料污染的重要来源,桂林市公园水体中微塑料污染风险总体属于轻度污染,但仍需关注其在城市小型淡水水域中的累积风险.     

城市公园绿化养护方式探究

为提升城市公园绿化养护水平,介绍了城市公园绿化养护方式,包括公园管理方自行管养,社会化承包绿化管养,部分要素社会化外包.对比了各类养护方式的优劣势,提出公园绿化养护工作建议:重视日常管理,提高专业素质,引导审美素养,实行一园一策模式,为居民增加休憩舒适度,给游客带来更好的游览体验,使公园呈现生机勃勃的景象.     

环境科学的生态观

<正> 一、什么是环境科学环境科学是以环境问题或公害问题为转机而发展起来的一门学科,但其研究范围不单局限于研究公害对策,而是具有目标远大、发展前景广阔的科学.从不同角度看环境科学可有不同的定义,我认为可以把环境科学看作是人类生态学(Human Ecology).生态学通常是研究生物与环境之间相互关系的科学.生物与环境间的相互关系就是作用与反作用关系(图1).然而,环境科学则以人类为主代替了以生物为主.如果环     

旅游和环境污染对广州城市公园森林植物和土壤的影响

研究了旅游和环境污染对广州城市公园森林群落土壤理化性质、植物种类多样性、群落结构和演替以及环境质量的影响.结果表明,由于旅游干扰,城市公园森林土壤的容重增加,而表土的物理性黏粒（＜0.01mm）、有机质和总氮含量降低.植物种类数目及多样性也随旅游强度的增加而降低.由于人为干扰,群落的结构变得简单,群落演替缓慢或停止.此外,环境污染也影响着城市公园植被,公园内植物叶中的硫和重金属含量明显高于远离污染源的中山大学校园树叶中的硫和重金属含量．     

对若干日语单词译法的商榷(七)

<正> 迄今为止,在我国的日汉环境科学辞典及有关的文献中,对日本的“国立公园”及“国定公园”都没作明确解释,只是照搬原文,使广大读者对二者之区别无从了解。基于上述现状、笔者,根据有关文献及实地考察,对日本的“国立公园”与“国定公园”     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.