Interspecific utilisation of wax in comb building by honeybees

Beeswaxes of honeybee species share some homologous neutral lipids; but species-specific differences remain. We analysed behavioural variation for wax choice in honeybees, calculated the Euclidean distances for different beeswaxes and assessed the relationship of Euclidean distances to wax choice. We tested the beeswaxes of Apis mellifera capensis, Apis florea, Apis cerana and Apis dorsata and the plant and mineral waxes Japan, candelilla, bayberry and ozokerite as sheets placed in colonies of A. m. capensis, A. florea and A. cerana. A. m. capensis accepted the four beeswaxes but removed Japan and bayberry wax and ignored candelilla and ozokerite. A. cerana colonies accepted the wax of A. cerana, A. florea and A. dorsata but rejected or ignored that of A. m. capensis, the plant and mineral waxes. A. florea colonies accepted A. cerana, A. dorsata and A. florea wax but rejected that of A. m. capensis. The Euclidean distances for the beeswaxes are consistent with currently prevailing phylogenies for Apis. Despite post-speciation chemical differences in the beeswaxes, they remain largely acceptable interspecifically while the plant and mineral waxes are not chemically close enough to beeswax for their acceptance.     

Iridodial: a powerful attractant for the green lacewing, Chrysopa septempunctata (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

The lacewing Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmael is an important, common predator of several insects in China, Japan, Russia, and many parts of Europe. Our field trapping experiments in northeast China showed that males of this green lacewing are strongly attracted to the lacewing pheromone of Chrysopa oculata Say, (1R,2S,5R,8R)-iridodial. The induced plant volatile, methyl salicylate, was unattractive to C. septempunctata by itself at the concentration tested, but synergistic when combined with iridodial where the lacewing population was high. (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-Nepetalactol and (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone (aphid sex pheromone components) caught significantly more males of C. septempunctata than did blank control traps, but were inferior to iridodial dispensers, which remained strongly attractive to C. septempunctata males for at least 2.5 months. These results indicate that (1R,2S,5R,8R)-iridodial is a powerful attractant for C. septempunctata, and may have great potential for enhanced biological control of garden, agricultural, and forest insect pests.     

Bee-hawking by the wasp, <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Vespa velutina</Emphasis>, on the honeybees <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Apis cerana</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">A</Emphasis>. <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">mellifera</Emphasis>

The vespine wasps, Vespa velutina, specialise in hawking honeybee foragers returning to their nests. We studied their behaviour in China using native Apis cerana and introduced A. mellifera colonies. When the wasps are hawking, A. cerana recruits threefold more guard bees to stave off predation than A. mellifera. The former also utilises wing shimmering as a visual pattern disruption mechanism, which is not shown by A. mellifera. A. cerana foragers halve the time of normal flight needed to dart into the nest entrance, while A. mellifera actually slows down in sashaying flight manoeuvres. V. velutina preferentially hawks A. mellifera foragers when both A. mellifera and A. cerana occur in the same apiary. The pace of wasp-hawking was highest in mid-summer but the frequency of hawking wasps was three times higher at A. mellifera colonies than at the A. cerana colonies. The wasps were taking A. mellifera foragers at a frequency eightfold greater than A. cerana foragers. The final hawking success rates of the wasps were about three times higher for A. mellifera foragers than for A. cerana. The relative success of native A. cerana over European A. mellifera in thwarting predation by the wasp V. velutina is interpreted as the result of co-evolution between the Asian wasp and honeybee, respectively.     

Unusual pheromone chemistry in the navel orangeworm: novel sex attractants and a behavioral antagonist

Using molecular- and sensory physiology-based approaches, three novel natural products, a simple ester, and a behavioral antagonist have been identified from the pheromone gland of the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). In addition to the previously identified (Z,Z)-11,13-hexadecadienal, the pheromone blend is composed of (Z,Z,Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9,12,15-tricosapentaene, (Z,Z,Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9,12,15-pentacosapentaene, ethyl palmitate, ethyl-(Z,Z)-11,13-hexadecadienoate, and (Z,Z)-11,13-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate. The C₂₃ and C₂₅ pentaenes are not only novel sex pheromones, but also new natural products. In field tests, catches of A. transitella males in traps baited with the full mixture of pheromones were as high as those in traps with virgin females, whereas control and traps baited only with the previously known constituent did not capture any moths at all. The navel orangeworm sex pheromone is also an attractant for the meal moth, Pyralis farinalis L. (Pyralidae), but (Z,Z)-11,13-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate is a behavioral antagonist. The new pheromone blend may be highly effective in mating disruption and monitoring programs.     

荷花和睡莲种植水对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用研究

在实验室条件下,通过测定培养液中铜绿微囊藻的藻细胞浓度和叶绿素a含量,研究了具有较高观赏价值的水生植物荷花和睡莲种植水对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制效应.结果表明,不同浓度的荷花和睡莲种植水对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制作用不尽相同,表现为明显的低促高抑现象;而连续滴加荷花和睡莲种植水对铜绿微囊藻的生长也有较明显的抑制作用,使藻细胞基本失去了进行正常光合作用的能力,其中睡莲种植水的抑制效果比荷花的更明显;另外,扩大实验中通过测定铜绿微囊藻的SOD活性、MDA积累量表明,藻细胞在共培养过程中受到了胁迫和伤害.灭菌方法对种植水的抑藻试验也有影响,不能采用高温灭菌来代替微膜过滤,说明荷花和睡莲分泌物中含有热不稳定性的物质.     

水绵(Spirogyra)的除磷特性及其对微藻生长的抑制作用

针对富营养化水体的除磷和微型藻类生物生长的抑制问题,研究了水绵(Spirogyra)的除磷特性及其对微藻生长的抑制作用.以蓝藻中的Microcystis aeruginosa、绿藻中的Scenedesmus为代表,研究了Spirogyra对微型藻类生物生长的抑制特性.共培养实验结果表明,Spirogyra对以上2种藻类的生长具有明显的抑制作用,对Chlorella的生长也有同样的抑制作用;共培养、Spirogyra培养液及其过滤液对Microcystis aeruginosa、Scenedesmus生长的影响等实验表明,这种抑制作用是因Spirogyra生长的代谢分泌物或其共生微生物而引起.用总磷(TP)浓度小于1.60mg·L-1的模拟湖水进行实验,发现Spirogyra在生长过程中可以有效地去除水中的磷.磷的去除效率与氮营养物成份有关,NH4 -N/NO3--N质量比为3:7时除磷效率最高.除磷过程中无机氮磷比的变化规律表明,除却Spirogyra同化除磷之外,Spirogyra生长会引起水体pH升高,从而诱导磷沉积是除磷的重要机制之一.Spirogyra对微型藻类生长良好的抑制性能以及除磷特性为富营养化水体的生物修复、水源水的保护提供了新的技术途径.     

Spatial heterogeneity of vegetation under different grazing intensities in the Northwest Heilongjiang Steppe of China

In northern China, recent degradation of semi-arid grasslands caused by overgrazing is serious. At Green Grassland Village, west of Daqing City in Heilongjiang Province, three grasslands with different degrees of degradation were surveyed. In the survey, a new method of vegetation analysis based on the beta-binomial distribution, was adopted to describe the frequency of occurrence and spatial heterogeneity for each plant species.Chenopodium centrorubrum, Cleistogenes squarrosa and a Carex species were commonly found in the three grasslands. Non-degraded grassland with light grazing was dominated by Arundinella hirta, Filifolium sibiricium, Lespedeza hedysaroides, Potentilla verticillaris, Stipa baicalensis and Thymus serpyllum. These species belong to the erect-type or do not develop large clones under light grazing. These species can be used as indicators of a well-managed grassland in this area. On the other hand, the degraded grassland with heavy grazing was dominated by Artemisia spp. and Euphorbia humifusa var. pilosa. Artemisia spp., E. humifusa var. pilosa, Eragrostis pilosa and Setaria viridis belong to the creeping-type or develop rather large stocks or stolons under heavy utilization. These species increased the spatial heterogeneity in the degraded grassland with heavy grazing.Under degraded conditions, species diversity decreased and spatial heterogeneity of the communities tended to increase.     

水网藻对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用及对氮磷去除能力研究

通过测定藻液D680和叶绿素a浓度,研究了水网藻种植水对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,探讨了在分离培养和共生培养2种条件下水网藻对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用,并考察了水网藻对氮磷的去除能力.结果表明,水网藻对铜绿微囊藻有较强的抑制作用,在水网藻种植水作用8 d后,铜绿微囊藻死亡率达92%;不同浓度的水网藻对铜绿微囊藻的抑制作用不同,...     

生物操纵方法对水绵(Spirogyra)的调控效应

为探究安全高效调控水绵生长的方法,本研究利用养殖水桶开展了两次生物操纵实验,分别观测了鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫(Carassius auratus)和鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)在没有营养加富条件下,以及鲫和日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)在营养加富条件下,对水体中浮游态和固着态水绵(Spirogyra)生长的抑制效果.结果表明,在没有营养加富的水体中,鲤和鲫对水绵不仅没有调控效应,反而会促进水绵的生长.建议在水绵生长旺盛的水体中,一定程度上移除水体中这些鱼类反而可以有效控制水绵的生长.在营养加富条件下,日本沼虾对水绵的控制效应明显.鲫对水绵发挥的作用与水体营养状态存在交互作用,日本沼虾对水绵的抑制效应是否受水体营养状态的影响值得进一步探究.     

Improving adaptive capacity and resilience in Bhutan

Bhutan, a small least developed country in the Himalayan Mountains, faces five current climate change related vulnerabilities: landslides and flooding, deteriorating agricultural production, impoverished forests, worsening health security, and impaired hydroelectricity generation. The country is attempting to adapt to these challenges through two globally sponsored adaptation efforts. One is the “Reducing Climate Change-induced Risks and Vulnerabilities from Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in the Punakha-Wangdue and Chamkhar Valleys” project, or GLOF, a 7.7 million project being funded by the Global Environment Facility, United Nations Development Program, and the government of Bhutan. Another is the GLOF Risk Reduction Project in the Himalayas, or GRRP, a7.7 million project being funded by the Global Environment Facility, United Nations Development Program, and the government of Bhutan. Another is the GLOF Risk Reduction Project in the Himalayas, or GRRP, a 730,000 program funded by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). These projects offer great potential for improving infrastructural, institutional, and community resilience within Bhutan, but must also overcome a series of pernicious social, political, and economic challenges if they are to succeed.     

浑河底泥产甲烷古菌多样性空间分布特征

为了深入探究影响河流甲烷排放的关键因素,采用PCR-RFLP(限制性片段长度多态性聚合酶链反应)技术及测序分析对浑河底泥产甲烷古菌的多样性及空间分布进行了研究.结果表明,浑河底泥产甲烷古菌划分为4大类群:甲烷杆菌目(Methanobacteriales)、甲烷微菌目(Methanomirobiales)、甲烷胞菌目(Methanocellales)和甲烷八叠球菌目(Methanosarcinales).从河流上游到下游,产甲烷古菌的群落结构呈现出空间变异的特征.河流上游占优势的产甲烷古菌菌属为Methanosarcina和Methanospirillum,分别约占46.2%和20.8%;中游主要菌属为Methanosarcina、Methanobacterium和Methanomethylovorans,分别约占40.9%、20.7%和15.2%;下游主要菌属为Methanosarcina和Methanobacterium,分别约占46.7%和22.1%.浑河底泥中Methanosarcina为优势菌属.Shannon指数(H')和Simpson多样性指数(D)计算结果表明,河流上游(H'=1.56,D=0.33)和中游(H'=1.79,D=0.26)产甲烷古菌的多样性与下游(H'=1.65,D=0.32)均较为接近.     

磺胺甲(口恶)唑污染土壤中微生物群落结构与抗生素抗性基因的分布特征

采用盆栽实验模拟磺胺甲■唑污染,通过Illumina高通量测序研究了土壤微生物群落组成的变化,应用普通PCR和微滴数字PCR技术分析了6种抗生素抗性基因的64个抗性基因亚型的分布特征.结果表明,土壤受不同浓度磺胺甲■唑污染120 d后,土壤真菌的多样性无明显变化(P0.05),但土壤细菌的多样性显著降低了(P0.05),土壤细菌和真菌群落结构均发生显著改变,且不同浓度磺胺甲■唑处理土壤的优势细菌与真菌在属水平上存在明显差异.磺胺甲■唑污染使土壤中抗生素抗性基因的多样性增加,且能显著提高磺胺抗性基因sul1的丰度(P0.05),但对磺胺抗性基因sul2、喹诺酮抗性基因floR与cmlA 1、四环素抗性基因tet(34)、tetG 2、tetG 1、tetM与tetA/P的丰度均无显著性影响(P0.05).     

抗大气复合污染的城市森林植物初步筛选

大气复合污染成为我国最主要的城市病之一.城市森林建设的植物选择除了达到景观要求和色彩效果外,根据各城市需求选择对污染物综合抗性阈值大的树种,成为当今环境污染背景下维持城市森林生态功能可持续发展的保障.综合分析我国常见城市森林537种植物对二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氟化氢、氯气、臭氧和颗粒物这6种大气污染物的吸附吸收能力,并对植物进行抗性赋值和综合因子分析,得出对大气复合污染综合抗性能力较强的树种主要为桑树、侧柏和臭椿等;对大气复合污染综合抗性中等的树种主要为毛白杨、五角枫、圆柏、山桃、垂柳、泡桐和油松等;对大气复合污染综合抗性相对较弱的树种主要为刺槐、加杨、银杏、核桃、悬铃木、栾树、紫薇和连翘等.根据中国南北方各城市气候背景、经济结构和空气污染特点,因地制宜选择对当地主要空气污染物吸收量较大的植物种类,充分发挥城市森林群落对复合空气污染物的最大净化效果.     

大型海藻与赤潮微藻以及赤潮微藻之间的相互作用研究

研究了2种大型海藻石莼(Ulva pertusa)和江蓠(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)对2种赤潮微藻:东海原甲藻(Prorocentrumdonghaiense)和塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandum tamarense)生长的影响以及2种微藻之间的相互作用,结果发现:①在大藻(石莼或江蓠)-微藻(东海原甲藻或塔玛亚历山大藻)的共培养体系中,石莼和江蓠均能明显影响与其共培养的微藻的生长,石莼对微藻生长的影响强于江蓠的作用.②在东海原甲藻-塔玛亚历山大藻的双藻培养体系中,东海原甲藻的生长受到明显的抑制作用,最终被完全灭杀;体系中塔玛亚历山大藻的生长未受到明显的影响.另外,塔玛亚历山大藻的培养液滤液能明显抑制东海原甲藻的生长,但东海原甲藻滤液对塔玛亚历山大藻的生长几乎没有影响.实验室条件下模拟二者相互作用的结果显示,塔玛亚历山大藻对东海原甲藻的抑制作用是其被后者抑制作用的17倍左右.③在大藻(石莼或江蓠)-东海原甲藻-塔玛亚历山大藻的多藻培养体系中,东海原甲藻和塔玛亚历山大藻的生长变化与它们在共培养体系中的变化非常类似.半数致死时间(LT50)法的检测结果显示:多藻培养体系对东海原甲藻的联合作用是协同作用,而对塔玛亚历山大藻的作用是相加作用.     

Soil water depletion under various leguminous cover crops in the derived savanna of West Africa

Leguminous cover crops have the potential of making cropping systems in the tropics sustainable if they would not deplete resources such as soil water and nutrients to the detriment of companion crops. Therefore, a study was carried out at Alabata, Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria, to evaluate the effects of leguminous cover crops on soil water suctions in 1993 and 1994 in order to assess the possibility of integrating them into the farming systems of the savanna zone of West Africa. In 1993, 13 leguminous cover crops (Aeschynomene histrix, Centrosema brasilianum, Centrosema pascuorum, Chamaecrista rotundifolia, Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria verrucosa, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Lablab purpureus, Mucuna pruriens, Psophocarpus palustris, Pseudovigna argentea, Pueraria phaseoloides and Stylosanthes hamata) were planted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Maize and natural fallow (mainly Chromolaena odorata and Imperata cylindrica) were included as comparisons. Only six of the legumes (A. histrix, C. pascuorum, C. cajan, C. ochroleuca, M. pruriens, and P. phaseoloides) were included in the measurements in the 1994 new plots. Soil water suctions at various stages of legume growth were measured at daily or weekly intervals (depending on the frequency of rainfall events) using tensiometers installed at 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil depths. Soil water suctions exceeding 10 kPa (theoretical field capacity) were observed mainly between 6 and 12 weeks after planting (WAP), and by 20 WAP when cover crops had matured and rainfall frequency was very low. Soil water suctions were significantly related (r²>0.80) to dry matter between 8 and 10 WAP. The studied cover crops were classified in three groups which can be used as a guide for choosing the legumes in tropical farming systems. Soil water depletion was markedly influenced by growth characteristics of legumes and distribution of rainfall during the rainy season. Leguminous cover crops conserved soil water after their growth needs were satisfied.     

长江口近岸地区抗生素抗性基因与微生物群落分布特征

由于抗生素的大量使用,环境中微生物对抗生素的抗性不断增加,抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)问题越来越严重,严重威胁生态安全和人类健康.为研究长江口近岸地区水体和底泥沉积物中的ARGs和微生物群落的分布特征,通过野外调查采集了8个站点的水样和沉积物样本,对2种磺胺类抗性基因(sul1、sul2)、6种四环素类抗性基因(tetM、tetC、tetX、tetA、tetO、tetQ)、1种整合子基因intI1、16S rRNA基因和微生物群落进行检测分析.结果表明,长江口近岸地区10种抗性基因的检出率为100%.其中,整合子基因intI1和水样中多种ARGs呈显著正相关关系.变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)是长江口近岸地区水环境中的优势菌门;Chloroplast为水体中的主要菌属,Chloroplast和Nitrospira为沉积物中的主要菌属.在水体中,硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirota)是4种四环素类抗性基因(tetX、tetA、tetO和tetQ)共同的潜在宿主;在沉积物中,Sva0485是sul1和intI1的共同潜在宿主.微生物群落的分布...     

不同地域4种常用树种滞尘和吸滞重金属能力比较研究

为评估常见树种叶片滞尘及吸滞重金属的能力,本研究收集了4种常见绿化树种在多个城市的滞尘及吸滞重金属数据,用数理统计、区划分析等方法,探讨不同树种叶片在多城市环境滞尘和吸滞重金属的差异及其影响因素。结果表明,女贞、悬铃木和广玉兰的平均滞尘量差异不大,香樟滞尘量略低于其他3树种,但女贞叶片的滞尘潜能最大;女贞、广玉兰叶片滞尘量表现为南方城市大于北方城市,悬铃木叶片滞尘量表现为北方城市大于南方城市;在季节滞尘上,女贞叶片滞尘量表现为夏季低于秋季,悬铃木、广玉兰和香樟则是夏季高于秋季;多城市树种吸滞重金属分析显示,对Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn具有最大吸滞量的树种均是香樟,对Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn具有最大吸滞潜能的树种分别是女贞、悬铃木、香樟和香樟;香樟叶片对Pb、Cd的吸滞量受地域环境变化的影响较小,在中国南方城市比其他3树种更具有应用普适性;女贞叶片对Cu、Zn的吸滞量受地域环境变化的影响较小,比其他3树种具有普适性。     

Optimizing the configuration of a clearwell by integrating pilot and full-scale tracer testing

In this paper, the main factors impacting the plug flow pattern of a clearwell were investigated by integrating pilot-scale, full-scale clearwell tracer testing and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. It was found that pilot tracer testing, full-scale tracer testing and CFD simulation all demonstrated that the correlation between the ratio of t ₁₀/T and L/W can be approximately expressed by: t ₁₀/T = 0.189 4ln(L/W)-0.049 4. This study confirmed that the installation of baffles within clearwells is an efficient way to optimize their configuration. In addition, the inlet velocity has a minimal contribution to the ratio of t ₁₀/T. However, the ratio of turning channel width to channel width (d/W) significantly contributes to the ratio of t ₁₀/T. The optimal ratio of d/W is 0.8–1.2 for maintaining better plug flow pattern. The number of turning channels is one of the main factors that impact the ratio of t ₁₀/T. When increasing the number of turning channels, a lower ratio of t ₁₀/T is obtained.     

广州市蔬菜中重金属污染特征研究与评价

蔬菜是人们日常生活中必不可少的食物,但蔬菜受重金属污染会对人体健康造成直接的威胁.于广州市12个区(市)采集116个蔬菜样品,检测分析Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr这6种元素,通过单因子评估、内梅罗综合指数分析广州市蔬菜中重金属的超标因子与污染特征,采用暴露风险分析评价食用当地种植蔬菜引起重金属对人体的健康风险.结果表明,8种蔬菜中Cu与Zn的含量未超标;Cr的超标率高达91.67%;Pb超标蔬菜为莴苣、丝瓜、番茄和胡萝卜,超标率高达35.71%,以胡萝卜超标最为严重;Cd超标的蔬菜为番茄,超标率达31.25%;Ni超标的蔬菜包括油麦菜、空心菜与菜心,超标率最高为8.33%.8种蔬菜污染程度表现为:空心菜、油麦菜、菜心、白萝卜和胡萝卜均处于警戒级,而莴苣、丝瓜和番茄则处于安全级别;4类蔬菜的重金属综合污染程度呈现叶菜类肉质根类茎类菜茄果类的趋势.健康风险评估表明,广州市居民中日常多食用空心菜、菜心和油麦菜的人群重金属累积的健康风险较高,且经膳食摄入重金属Cr对人体健康可能会造成危害,摄入Cd对人体具有潜在的健康风险.经口摄入蔬菜重金属对儿童可能造成的暴露风险要高于成年人.     

Sex pheromone chemistry and field trapping studies of the elm spanworm Ennomos subsignaria (Hübner) (Lepidoptera:Geometridae)

The elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignaria (Hübner), occurs throughout Canada and the eastern United States and can be a destructive forest pest on a wide range of deciduous trees. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC/EAD) analysis of pheromone gland extracts, in combination with chemical synthesis and field trapping studies have identified (2S, 3R)-2-((Z)-oct-2′-enyl)-3-nonyl oxirane (hereafter Z6-9S, 10R-epoxy-19:H) as the female-produced sex pheromone. Significantly more male moths were captured between 1–100 μg loadings of this compound on red rubber septa in sticky traps compared to blank (unbaited) traps; catches then declined at higher dosages (500–1000 μg). The other isomeric enantiomer, (2R, 3S)-2-[(Z)-oct-2′-enyl]-3-nonyl oxirane (Z6-9R, 10S-epoxy-19:H), at a 10-μg dosage did not elicit trap capture. The likely precursor to the active epoxide, (Z, Z)-6, 9-nonadecadiene ((Z, Z)-6, 9-19:H), identified in virgin female sex pheromone glands, did not elicit trap capture either, and inhibited trap capture when combined with the active epoxide. Racemic 2-((Z)-oct-2′-enyl)-3-nonyl oxirane showed no significant difference in trap capture compared with Z6-9S, 10R-epoxy-19:H, indicating that the opposite enantiomer was not antagonistic. The addition of the EAD-active diene epoxide enantiomers (2S, 3R)-2-[(Z, Z)-octa-2′, 5′-dienyl]-3-nonyl oxirane or (2R, 3S)-2-[(Z, Z)-octa-2′, 5′-dienyl]-3-nonyl oxirane in admixture with Z6-9S, 10R-epoxy-19:H (at 10% of the latter) did not enhance or decrease trap capture compared to Z6-9S, 10R-epoxy-19:H oxirane alone, so they are not likely pheromone components. This pheromone, impregnated in rubber septa at less than 100-μg dosage, can now be used as a trap bait to develop detection and monitoring strategies for this insect.